Pracownia komputerowa. Dariusz Wardecki, wykład I

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Fabian Grzelak
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1 Pracownia komputerowa Dariusz Wardecki, wykład I

2 Kontakt ul. Hoża 69, pok. 114 tel

3 Zasady zaliczenia Wykład (1h/tydzień) Egzamin pisemny Test wyboru 15 pkt. Ćwiczenia (2h/tydzień) 3 kolokwia po 15 pkt. 3 zadania po 5 pkt. Łącznie można zdobyć max 60 pkt.

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5 Plan wykładu Zasada działania i budowa komputera Binarny zapis danych, reprezentacje liczb i znaków Struktura i budowa pamięci, rodzaje pamięci Masowe składowanie danych, systemy plikowe i drzewa katalogowe Przestrzeń dyskowa, pliki i katalogi Cyfrowy zapis dźwięku i obrazu Przesyłanie danych na odległość i sieci komputerowe

33 o+ 32-30 I I I Cel wykładu i ćwiczeń 7366 P. SONNTAG, P. BODEKER, T. THURSTON, AND H. ZABEL 52 0 ~ 31- 'C 29 I 500 I I 1000 1500 2000 Thickness [A] 2500 FIG. 3. The period of the out-of-plane CDW and SW as it depends on the Cr layer thickness D.

. Figure 4 displays the CDW-SW period as a function of the temperature for two Cr films with thicknesses of 1000 A and 3000 A compared with bulk measurements done by means of neutron and x-ray

The temperature dependence of the CDW-SW pe- 50 Q 1000 A.

The temperature dependence of the satellite intensity is shown in Fig. 5 as compared with bulk measurements.

The Neel temperature seems to be reduced compared to bulk Cr and the Neel transition is smeared out. This could be explained as an effect of epitaxial strains, as suggested by Werner et al.

6 33 o I I I Cel wykładu i ćwiczeń 7366 P. SONNTAG, P. BODEKER, T. THURSTON, AND H. ZABEL 52 0 ~ 31- 'C 29 I 500 I I Thickness [A] 2500 FIG. 3. The period of the out-of-plane CDW and SW as it depends on the Cr layer thickness D. The dotted line designs a relaxation curve 6tted to the data. The dashed line denotes the bulk value of 29.5 A.. Figure 4 displays the CDW-SW period as a function of the temperature for two Cr films with thicknesses of 1000 A and 3000 A compared with bulk measurements done by means of neutron and x-ray scattering. ' The deviation of the CDW/SW period observed in the Cr films &om the bulk value increases with increasing temperature. This effect appears to be much stronger in 3000 Teoria FIG. 4. The temperature dependence of the CDW-SW pe- 50 Q 1000 A. Cr(001)/Nb ~ 3000 A Cr(001)/Nb 45 X-Ray data bulk Cr k ~ 0 o riod of a 3000 A thick Cr film on Nb and a 1000 A thick Cr I 50 Q Neutron data bulk Cr the 1000 A. thick film. The temperature dependence of the satellite intensity is shown in Fig. 5 as compared with bulk measurements. Over a wide temperature range below T 200 K the behavior of the thin film data is the same as for bulk Cr. At 250 K a sudden drop of the satellite intensity is observed in the thin films. The Neel temperature seems to be reduced compared to bulk Cr and the Neel transition is smeared out. This could be explained as an effect of epitaxial strains, as suggested by Werner et al. Next we studied the satellite rejections around the Cr[011] fundamental peak. This position in reciprocal space is particularly interesting since here both in- and out-of-plane components of the CDW's and SW's can be investigated. In Fig. 1 the respective scans parallel to the K direction (in-plane component) and L direction (outof-plane component) are reproduced. The experiments show that no satellite refj.ections belonging to a q vector I I T [K] film compared with the results of bulk Cr measurements. The bulk data are taken from Refs. 9 and 11. pointing along an in-plane direction could be observed. Therefore we have to conclude that the SDW is strongly polarized along the [001] growth direction. A comparison between out-of-plane and in-plane measurements performed around a Cr[011] reflection is provided in Fig ~ W C EN- V. DISCUSSION ~ 04 -C A Cr(001)/Nb ~ 3000 A. Cr(001)/Nb 0 2 Bulk Cr 0 gi l3. From recent neutron and x-ray studies on the SDW's in bulk Cr we know that there exists an orientational surface pinning effect which suppresses the in-plane SDW modes. Hill et al. performed both x-ray and neutron El I I I I FIG. 5. The temperature dependence of the CDW-SW 4~+ b T [K] satellite intensity of a 3000 A thick Cr film on Nb and a 1000 A. thick Cr film compared to the bulk behavior measured by means of x-ray diffraction (Ref. 27). The dotted line is a guide to the eye designing the bulk behavior. The intensity is normalized to 1 at T=100 K. diffraction experiments on Cr bulk crystals with an (001) oriented surface. Looking at the SDW's with neutron scattering their samples seemed to be in a poly-q mode in which all possible SDW modes were equally populated. Using x-ray scattering around an off-axis Cr Bragg rehection and comparing the results with theoretical calculations for a poly-q state the out-of-plane mode appears to be stronger than those having q vectors parallel to the surface plane. This behavior could be explained by a surface pinning effect suppressing the in-plane SDW's and the surface of the bulk sample. leading to, a nearly single q domain state when observed with x rays, since x rays only provide information about This observation suggests that the behavior of our Cr films could be a result of an orientational interface pinning effect at both the Cr oxide surface and the Cr/Nb interface. This pinning effect appears to be temperature dependent, since the observed period of the out-of-plane CDW and SW shows a strong temperature dependence. The deviation ofthe period from the bulk values increases with increasing temperature. As expected for an interface effect this behavior is stronger in the thinner film. Dane

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8 Komputer Maszyna licząca, potrafiąca wykonywać obliczenia według zadanego programu.

Trochę historii 1946 - ENIAC (Electronic Numierical Integrator

9 Trochę historii ENIAC (Electronic Numierical Integrator And Computer), waga 30t, 18 tyś. lamp elektronowych, wymiary 15x9m

10 Trochę historii IAS (Institute for Advanced Study) według pomysłu Johna von Neumanna EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), cząstość zegara 996,75 khz, programowana za pomocą taśmy perforowanej i kart dziurkowanych

11 Trochę historii John Bardeen Tranzystor Walter Brattain Nobel 1956 r.

12 Trochę historii Jack Kliby (Nobel 2000 r.) Układ scalony Robert Noyce

13 Trochę historii

14 Trochę historii 1976/77 - Apple oraz Apple II Procesor: 1 MHz RAM: 4 kb

15 Trochę historii IBM PC, 4,77 MHz, kb

16 Trochę historii Macintosh, 8 MHz, 128 kb, 2495 $

17 Współczesny komputer Raspberry PI

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