EFFECT OF THE DOSE AND METHOD OF TOP-DRESSING WITH NITROGEN ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT GRAIN

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1 Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 12(4) 2013, EFFECT OF THE DOSE AND METHOD OF TOP-DRESSING WITH NITROGEN ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT GRAIN Dorota Bobrecka-Jamro, Grażyna Kruczek, Michał Romaniak, Wacław Jarecki, Jan Buczek University of Rzeszów 1 Abstract. Determining a proper level of nitrogen fertilization for new cultivars of winter wheat is of great importance with regard to this component s effect on the grain yield height and its quality. The aim of the study was determination of the effect of doses and methods of nitrogen fertilization (soil and foliar application) on the grain yield, yield components, total protein content and chosen macro- and microelements in winter wheat grain. The field experiment with winter wheat cv. Rywalka, was carried out in seasons 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 on a farm located in the south-east Poland. The experiment was set up with the use of a randomized block design in four replications. The studied factor were diverse doses of nitrogen top-dressing from 40 to 120 kg ha - ¹, soil and foliar application, compared to the control without nitrogen fertilization. The field experiment was set up on a brown soil, bonitation class IIIa. Within the years of research, the soil indicated a variable content of available mineral components. Soil reaction in KCL was from 5.9 to 6.7. Weather conditions during wheat s growing season were variable in the years of research. The growing season 2009/2010 abounded in rainfall, of which the total amount was 950 mm from October to August. Growing seasons 2008/2009 and 2010/2011 were characterized by a favorable course of weather conditions. Winter wheat yield cv. Rywalka was diversified within the years of research, and depended on the top-dressing with nitrogen. The highest yield was obtained after an application of nitrogen at a dose of 120 kg ha - ¹. Top-dressing with nitrogen affected some yield components of winter wheat. Plants fertilized with 120 N kg ha - ¹ were characterized by a significantly higher spike density. Along with higher doses of nitrogen fertilization, also the total protein content increased in the grain. It was significantly higher after an application of 120 kg ha - ¹ as well as 84 kg ha - ¹, than in the grain of plants which were not fertilized. Top-dressing with nitrogen modified the content of magnesium and calcium, however, it had no significant effect on the accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in wheat grain. Under the effect of top-dressing with nitrogen, the content of manganese and zinc in the grain underwent oscillations, while the content of iron and copper was not significantly diversified. Corresponding author Adres do korespondencji: prof. dr hab. inż. Dorota Bobrecka-Jamro, Department of Plant Production of the University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszów, ekpr@univ.rzeszow.pl

2 20 D. Bobrecka-Jamro, G. Kruczek, M. Romaniak, W. Jarecki, J. Buczek Key words: chemical composition of grain, fertilization requirements, foliar application, productivity, winter wheat INTRODUCTION With regard to the cultivation area, wheat has a top position among the cereals both in the world and in Poland. On the one hand, this results from its great yield potential, on the other hand from a possibility to use the grain in flour-milling and baking industries, which utilize 50% of the annual harvest [Podolska et al. 2005]. Great economical importance of wheat and its versatile use makes people aim at increasing the yield and improving quality traits of the grain. In order to do this, breeding works are being conducted and cultivation technology is being improved. The studies of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) and results of field experiments indicate that it is possible to obtain winter wheat yields in Poland above 7-8 Mg ha - ¹. Yield-producing abilities of this plant significantly exceed yields obtained in practice [Podolska and Filipiak 2009]. Although wheat yields in Poland are higher than on average in the world, they are still significantly lower than in other EU countries. It is thought that the yield potential is only used in about 50%. One of the most important agrotechnical factors determining wheat yield is nitrogen fertilization. It affects not only the yield but also physical and chemical properties of the grain, and above all the content and quality of protein. Studies on the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the technological value of winter wheat grain indicate that both the nitrogen dose and method of its application have a significant effect on particular quality parameters [Wróbel and Szempliński 2000]. Winter wheat has high requirements with respect to nitrogen fertilization, especially in the period after its growth revival in spring. Nitrogen may be applied once or in doses suited to the needs of wheat and its developmental stages [Alley et al. 1999, Blankenau et al. 2002, Ehlert et al. 2004], which guarantees obtaining economically reasonable and qualitatively good yields [Kochurko 2009].Nitrogen in winter wheat fertilization may be provided in a form of powder or liquid fertilizers. Application of foliar fertilization is more effective under drought conditions with regard to a better availability for plants [Johansson et al. 2001, Czuba 2005]. The aim of the studies was determination of the effect of doses and method of nitrogen fertilization (soil and foliar application) on the grain yield, yield components, total protein content and chosen macro- and microelements in winter wheat grain, cv. Rywalka. The research hypothesis assumed that increasing nitrogen doses favorably modifies quantity and quality of the grain yield. Whereas the applied foliar fertilization with urea at a dose of 4 kg ha - ¹, would allow to decrease soil fertilization from 120 to 80 kg ha - ¹, without any significant changes in the quantity and quality of grain yield. MATERIAL AND METHODS Field experiment with winter wheat was carried out in the years 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 on a farm in Tapin, municipality Rokietnica, Poland. The experiment was set up with a randomized block design in four replications. The studied Acta Sci. Pol.

3 Effect of the dose factor was mainly nitrogen top-dressing of winter wheat cv. Rywalka with doses from 40 to 120 kg ha - ¹, compared to control without fertilization (Table 1). Nitrogen was used in a solid form (ammonium saltpeter 34%) and in a foliar application (urea at a concentration of 2%). Table 1. Doses and dates of topdressing with nitrogen Total dose of N kg ha -1 start of vegetation in spring BBCH 27 Dose and date stage of shooting BBCH 30 ear formation BBCH * * foliar application of urea at a concentration 2% Weather conditions are given according to Agrometeorological Bulletin of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMiGW) in Warsaw based on recordings of the Meteorological Station in Jasionka near Rzeszów (Table 2). Table 2. Weather conditions in the growing season of winter wheat in the years 2008/ /2011 Month Rainfall, mm Mean air temperatures, C 2008/ / / / / /2011 October November December January February March April May June July August / x The field experiment with winter wheat cultivation cv Rywalka was set up on brown soil, bonitation class IIIa, of a good wheat complex, granulometric composition of silt. Before sowing, soil samples were taken for chemical analysis. Determination included: granulometric composition with Bougoucosa-Casagrande method and Prószyński s modification, soil ph in 1 M KCl with potentiometric method, content of available magnesium with Schachtschabel s method, content of available forms of P and K with Egner-Riehm s method. Analyses were carried out in two replications in the Faculty Laboratory of Analysis of Environment Health and Materials of Agricultural Origin, at the Faculty of Biology and Agriculture of the University of Rzeszów. In particular years, soil included in the experiment indicated a variable content of available Agricultura 12(4) 2013

4 22 D. Bobrecka-Jamro, G. Kruczek, M. Romaniak, W. Jarecki, J. Buczek potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and microelements. Soil reaction in KCL was from 5.9 to 6.7 (Table 3). Table 3. Results of soil analysis Year ph mg 100 g -1 soil mg kg -1 soil in KCL P K Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu Every year wheat was cultivated after winter rape. After collecting the forecrop the following cultivating measures were used: disking, sow ploughing, cultivation unit, and next sowing. Presowing fertilization amounted to: N 18 kg ha - ¹, P 20 kg ha - ¹ and K 50 kg ha - ¹. Grain at a rate of 450 szt m -2 was sown in the third decade of September to the depth of 2-3 cm with row spacing of 12 cm with the use of a drill Poznaniak. Plot area was 15 m². In spring, herbicide Mustang 306 SE was applied at a dose of 0.5 dm 3 ha - ¹, as well as a fungicide Artea 330 EC at a dose of 0.5 dm 3 ha - ¹. The harvest was carried out in the first decade of August. Grain yield obtained from plots was calculated for the yield from 1 ha taking into consideration moisture of 14%, and next, it was corrected with the missing spikes collected for biometric measurements. Before harvest, the number of spikes per m² was determined. From each plot 100 spikes were taken for biometric measurements, and the grain number per spike and 1000 grain weight (g) were determined. After drying and grinding the grain, the total nitrogen content was determined with the use of Kieldahl s method, and calculated for total protein. Phosphorus was determined with an absorption spectrophotometre within the UV-VIS range. Potassium, magnesium, calcium and microelements were determined after mineralization in nitric acid with AAS technique. Obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis, analysis of variance. Significance of differences between the mean plot values of individual traits were determined based on Tuckey confidence limits with the significance level P = Calculations were conducted with the aid of statistical program FR- ANALWAR- 5 FR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Weather conditions in the growing season of wheat were variable within the years of research. Diversification concerned the amount and distribution of rainfall, as well as the air temperature (Table 2). Growing season 2009/2010 was abundant in rainfall, of which the total sum was 950 mm from October to August. Such a high total rainfall contributed to an excessive soil humidification, which as a result could have had an effect on a decrease in winter wheat yield. Growing seasons 2008/2009 and 2010/2011 were characterized by a generally beneficial course of weather conditions. Diversified meteorological conditions in the study period affected the yield of winter wheat in particular years (Table 4). Grain yield oscillated from 3.33 Mg ha - ¹ in 2010, 6.17 Mg ha - ¹ in 2009 to 6.44 Mg ha - ¹ in In the conducted research, wheat yield increased along with an increasing nitrogen doses, although not with every dose was it significant Acta Sci. Pol.

5 Effect of the dose (Table 4). The highest mean yield (5.97 Mg ha - ¹) was obtained after using a nitrogen dose of 120 kg ha - ¹. Grain yield was not diversified between plots with the dose of 80 N kg ha - ¹ and 84 N kg ha - ¹. Application of 80 N kg ha - ¹ with foliar application of 2% urea solution did not modify the grain yield. Table 4. Grain yield in harvest years , Mg ha -1 N dose kg ha -1 Years of research harvest year Mean Control Mean LSD Buczek et al. [2008] obtained the highest yields (7.61 Mg ha - ¹) while using 120 kg ha - ¹ of nitrogen in soil and foliar application. Slightly higher winter wheat yields than in these studies (from 6.95 to 7.81 Mg ha - ¹) depending on increasing nitrogen doses (40, 80 and 120 kg ha - ¹) in soil and foliar application were obtained by Chrzanowska-Drożdż et al. [2004]. While analyzing the effect of nitrogen on the yield components, their diversification was observed in the years of research and depending on nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen doses and method of their application affected the spike number in the second and third year of experiments (Table 5). On average, within the years of research, a significant difference of the mentioned parameter was obtained only after using 120 kg ha -1 of nitrogen compared to the control. Many researchers [Podolska and Mazurek 1999, Kulig et al. 2001, Wesołowski and Kwiatkowski 2004] think that a basic yield component of winter cereals is spike density. This trait is to a highest degree correlated with the yield quantity, and indicates the highest variability under the effect of environmental factors and nitrogen fertilization. Wesołowski and Kwiatkowski [2004] observed that nitrogen fertilization shows a significant and highly positive effect on spike density in wheat. Szmigiel [1998] while using N fertilization on the level of 30, 50, 70 and 90 kg ha - ¹ proved that values of the yield components are determined not by the total N dose, but method of dividing it. Blecharczyk et al. [2006] observed the lowest spike number per 1 m² (402 spikes) when they did not use any nitrogen fertilization. In their research, increasing doses of nitrogen: 50, 100 and 150 kg ha - ¹ caused increase in the spike number up to 458, 487 and 503 spikes per 1 m 2, respectively. Top-dressing with nitrogen had a significant effect on the grain number per spike but only in some years of research. In the first year, significantly more grains per spike were formed in plants with nitrogen fertilization at a dose of 80 kg ha - ¹, while in the second year 120 kg ha - ¹, compared with plants which were not fertilized. On average, however, within the years of research no significant differences were observed in values of the discussed trait depending on the doses and forms of nitrogen. The studies of Budzyński et al. [2008] indicated a significant increase in the grain number per spike up to a dose of 120 kg ha - ¹. Brzozowska et al. [2008], depending on the method of cultivation and nitrogen fertilization, obtained on average from 22.4 to 27.5 grains per Agricultura 12(4) 2013

6 24 D. Bobrecka-Jamro, G. Kruczek, M. Romaniak, W. Jarecki, J. Buczek spike, while nitrogen fertilization caused increase in the grain number per spike on average by 4.8 grains, although method of its application did not vary the analyzed yield component. Many authors [Chrzanowska-Drożdż et al. 2004, Sułek et al. 2004, Kwiatkowski et al. 2006, Kochurko 2009] confirmed in their earlier research that grain number per spike is dependent on the cultivar factor and level of cultivation technology, including mainly nitrogen fertilization grain weight was diversified by fertilization factor in two research years (Table 5). The lowest 1000 grain weight was obtained in plants from control plots (on average 33.7 g). Each nitrogen top-dressing dose, including variant with foliar application, increased grain plumpness. The highest 1000 grain weight was obtained after applying 120 kg ha -1 (37.9 g). Dubis and Borysewicz [2008] in their studies, observed an improvement in grain plumpness up to the level of 120 kg ha - ¹, after which there occurred a decrease in this trait s value. From numerous hitherto conducted studies [Szmigiel 1995, Gawrońska-Kulesza et al. 1997, Podolska and Sułek 2002, Cacak-Pietrzak et al. 2003, Budzyński et al. 2004] it follows that the role of nitrogen in the formation of grain plumpness manifests itself under conditions of moderate fertilization with this element, i.e kg ha - ¹. Table 5. Yield components and total protein content in the grain; means from the years Year of research Mean for the years 2009/2011 N dose kg ha - ¹ ns non-significant difference Spike density spike m - ² Grain number per spike 1000 grain weight, g Total protein g kg - ¹ Control LSD 0.05 ns Control LSD Control LSD ns ns Control LSD ns Nitrogen fertilization favorably affected protein content in the grain (Table 5). The highest content of the discussed element was obtained after using the highest nitrogen doses (120 kg ha - ¹ and 84 kg ha - ¹). Thus, the use of nitrogen top-dressing along with Acta Sci. Pol.

7 Effect of the dose foliar application of 2% urea solution favorably affected protein content in the grain. Makarewicz et al. [2012], obtained the highest protein content in winter wheat after foliar application of 10 % urea solution in the initial stage of shooting. Dubis and Borysewicz [2008] in their studies on nitrogen fertilization, obtained an average protein content on the level from %. Budzyński et al. [2008], however, obtained on average 12.2% protein in the grain, depending on the cultivar. The observed positive effect of increasing nitrogen doses on the protein content in wheat grain is also confirmed in the studies of other authors [Buczek et al. 2008, Weber et al. 2008, Shi et al. 2010]. Effect of top-dressing with nitrogen on accumulation of macro- and microelements in wheat grain was variable and dependent on the years of research. In the first year, the content of P and K was not diversified by increasing nitrogen doses, however significant differences were indicated in the content of magnesium and calcium. In the second year of research, diversified nitrogen fertilization significantly affected the accumulation of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the grain, however it had no effect on the accumulation of calcium. In the last year of the conducted research, topdressing with nitrogen had no significant effect on the potassium content in the grain. On average, in the years of research, the highest nitrogen dose increased the amount of magnesium and calcium in the grain. However, application of the variant of topdressing with foliar fertilization had no significant effect on the content of macroelements in the grain compared to the control (Table 6). Table 6. Macroelement content per grain, g kg - ¹ Year of research Mean for the years 2009/2011 ns non-significant difference N dose kg ha -1 P K Mg Ca Control LSD 0.05 ns ns Control LSD ns Control LSD ns Control LSD 0.05 ns ns Agricultura 12(4) 2013

8 26 D. Bobrecka-Jamro, G. Kruczek, M. Romaniak, W. Jarecki, J. Buczek Buczek et al. [2008] state that increasing nitrogen doses have an effect only on the content of phosphorus and potassium in the grain. In the studies of mentioned authors, phosphorus content decreased under the effect of a higher nitrogen dose, while the potassium content increased. Grain from plots fertilized with a dose of 120 kg ha - ¹ was characterized by the highest content of this element. Brzozowska [2008] in her studies found that content of the studied macroelements was diversified in the years of research, while method of nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect only on the amount of nitrogen and potassium. In the conducted research, diversified topdressing with nitrogen affected the content of some microelements in wheat grain. In the first year of research, a significant difference concerned only manganese, in the second year iron, manganese and zinc, however in the last year it concerned zinc. On average, in the years of research, the highest content of manganese and zinc in the grain was obtained on plots fertilized with the highest nitrogen dose (Table 7). The applied variant of topdressing along with foliar application did not significantly affect microelement content in the grain compared to the control. Table 7. Microelement content per grain, mg kg -1 Year of research Mean for the years 2009/2011 ns non-significant difference N dose kg ha -1 Fe Cu Mn Zn Control LSD 0.05 ns ns 8.79 ns Control LSD ns Control LSD 0.05 ns ns ns 2.97 Control LSD 0.05 ns ns In the authors own research, manganese content in grain was on average 33.5 mg kg - ¹, copper 2.3 mg kg - ¹, zinc 34.7 mg kg - ¹, and iron 41.9 mg kg - ¹. These values are similar to the ones observed by other authors [Nowak 2000, Parylak et al. 2000]. In the Acta Sci. Pol.

9 Effect of the dose studies of Błazik et al. [1996], Fe content was higher than in the authors own research and was within the range from 45.1 to 63.1 mg kg - ¹, Cu from 3.95 to 5,23 mg kg - ¹, while the content of manganese and zinc was lower. In the research of Shi et al. [2010], nitrogen fertilization caused increase in the content of iron, zinc and copper in the grain compared to the grain from plants harvested from control plots, however, it did not affect accumulation of manganese in the grain. CONCLUSIONS 1. Yield of winter wheat cv. Rywalka was diversified within the years of research. It depended on the course of weather conditions and nitrogen topdressing. A significant increase in the grain yield compared to control was obtained after fertilization with a dose of: 80, 84 and 120 N kg ha - ¹. Plants fertilized with 120 N kg ha - ¹ were characterized by a significantly higher spike density per unit of area than those not fertilized. Along with an increase in nitrogen dose, 1000 grain weight also increased. 2. The total protein content in the grain significantly increased after applying 120 N kg ha - ¹ and 84 N kg ha - ¹, compared to the control. The use of a variant with soil application of a fertilizer combined with a foliar application of 2% urea solution favorably affected protein content in the grain. 3. The content of magnesium, calcium, manganese and zinc in the grain was the highest after applying 120 N kg ha - ¹, however no effect of increasing nitrogen doses was observed on the accumulation of phosphorus, potassium, iron and copper. REFERENCES Alley M.M., Brann D.E., Hammons J.L., Scharf P., Baethgen W.E., Nitrogen management for winter wheat, principles and recommendations. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication Blankenau K., Olfs H.W., Kuhlmann H., Strategies to improve the use efficiency of mineral fertilizer nitrogen applied to winter wheat. J. Agron. Crop Sci., Berlin, 188, Błaziak J., Dechnik I., Wiater J., Wpływ nawożenia słomą i obornikiem na zawartość mikroelementów w pszenicy i jęczmieniu [Effect of fertilization with straw and manure on the content of microelements in wheat and barley]. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 434, [in Polish]. Blecharczyk A., Śpitalnik J., Małecka J., Wpływ doboru przedplonów oraz systemów uprawy roli i nawożenia azotem na plonowanie pszenicy ozimej [Effect of the choice of forecrops, tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization on the yield of winter wheat]. Fragm. Agron. 11(3), [in Polish]. Brzozowska I., Macroelement content in winter wheat grain as affected by cultivation and nitrogen application methods. Acta Agrophys. 11(1), Brzozowska I., Brzozowski J., Haruszka M., Plonowanie i struktura plonu pszenicy ozimej w zależności od sposobu pielęgnacji i nawożenia azotem [Yield and yield structure of winter wheat depending on cultivating measures and nitrogen fertilization]. Acta Agrophys. 11(3), Buczek J., Kryńska B., Tobiasz-Salach R., Reakcja pszenicy ozimej na doglebowe i dolistne stosowanie azotu [Response of winter wheat to soil and foliar application of nitrogen]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sect. E, Agricultura LXIII(4), [in Polish]. Agricultura 12(4) 2013

10 28 D. Bobrecka-Jamro, G. Kruczek, M. Romaniak, W. Jarecki, J. Buczek Budzyński W., Bielski S., Borysewicz J., Wpływ nawożenia azotem na jakość technologiczną ziarna pszenicy ozimej [Effect of nitrogen fertilization on technological quality of winter wheat grain]. Fragm. Agron. 1(97), [in Polish]. Budzyński W., Borysewicz J., Bielski S., Wpływ poziomu nawożenia azotem na plonowanie i jakość technologiczną ziarna pszenicy ozimej [Effect of the level of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and technological quality of winter wheat grain]. Pam. Puł. 135, [in Polish]. Cacak-Pietrzak G., Ceglińska A., Jończyk K., Wartość technologiczna wybranych odmian pszenicy ozimej uprawianej w różnych systemach produkcji roślinnej [Technological value of chosen cultivars of winter wheat cultivated under different systems of plant production]. Pam. Puł. 133, [in Polish]. Chrzanowska-Drożdż B., Gil Z., Liszewski M., Malarz W., Wysokość i jakość plonu ziarna pszenicy ozimej zależności od dawki i sposobu nawożenia azotem [Height and quality of winter wheat grain yield depending on the dose and method of nitrogen fertilization]. Biul. IHAR 233, [in Polish]. Czuba R., Efekt dolistnego dokarmiania roślin uprawnych. Cz. I. Reakcja roślin na dolistne stosowanie azotu [Effect of foliar fertilization in crop plants. Part 1. Response of plants to foliar application of nitrogen]. Rocz. Glebozn. 45(3-4), [in Polish]. Dubis B., Borysewicz J., Wpływ nawożenia azotem na plon i technologiczną jakość wybranych odmian pszenicy ozimej [Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and technological quality of chosen winter wheat cultivars]. Fragm. Agron. 1(97), Ehlert D., Schmerler J., Voelker U., Variable rate of nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat based on a crop density sensor. Precision Agric. 5, Gawrońska-Kulesza A., Suwara I., Kaczmarska M., Rola przedplonu i poziomu nawożenia azotem w kształtowaniu struktury łanu i plonu pszenicy ozimej [Role of forecrop and level of nitrogen fertilization in the formation of the structure of canopy and yield of winter wheat]. Fragm. Agron. 3, Johansson E., Prieto-Linde M.L., Johansson J.O., Effects of wheat cultivar and nitrogen application on storage protein composition and bread making quality. Cereal Chem. 78, Kochurko V.I., Rola nawozów azotowych w kształtowaniu wielkości plonów pszenicy ozimej [Role of nitrogen fertilizers in the formation of the yield height of winter wheat]. Zesz. Prob. Post. Nauk Rol. 538, [in Polish]. Kulig B., Kania S., Szafrański W., Zając T., Reakcja wybranych odmian pszenicy ozimej na intensywność uprawy [Response of chosen winter wheat cultivars to cultivation intensity]. Biul. IHAR 218/219, Kwiatkowski C., Wesołowski M., Harasim E., Kubecki J., Plon i jakość ziarna odmian pszenicy ozimej w zależności poziomu agrotechniki [Yield and quality of grain in winter wheat cultivars depending on the level of cultivation technology]. Pam. Puł. 142, [in Polish]. Makarewicz A., Gąsiorowska B. Cybulska A., Wpływ dolistnego nawożenia azotem na wybrane parametry jakościowe ziarna pszenicy ozimej [Effect of foliar nitrogen fertilization on chosen quality parameters of winter wheat grain]. Fragm. Agron. 29(1), [in Polish]. Nowak W., Wpływ przedplonów i nawożenia azotem na zawartość niektórych mikroelementów w ziarnie pszenicy ozimej [Effect of forecrops and nitrogen fertilization on the content of some microelements in winter wheat grain]. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 471, [in Polish]. Parylak D., Wacławowicz R., Majchrowski P., Wpływ następczy nawozów organicznych na zawartość mikroelementów w glebie i w pszenicy [After-effect of organic fertilizers on the content of microelements in the soil and in wheat]. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 471, [in Polish]. Acta Sci. Pol.

11 Effect of the dose Podolska G., Filipiak K., Wpływ warunków siedliska na poziom plonów i jakość ziarna pszenicy ozimej [Effect of habitat conditions on the yield level and quality of winter wheat grain]. Zesz. Prob. Post. Nauk Rol. 542, [in Polish]. Podolska G., Krasowicz S., Sułek A., Ocena ekonomiczna i jakościowa uprawy pszenicy ozimej przy różnym poziomie nawożenia azotem [Economical and qualitative evaluation of winter wheat cultivation with various levels of nitrogen fertilization]. Pam. Puł. 139, [in Polish]. Podolska G., Mazurek J., Budowa rośliny i łanu pszenicy ozimej w warunkach zróżnicowanego terminu siewu i sposobu nawożenia azotem [Structure of plants and winter wheat canopy under conditions of diversified sowing time and method of nitrogen fertilization]. Pam. Puł. 118, [in Polish]. Podolska G., Sułek A., Główne elementy technologii produkcji decydujące o wysokiej jakości ziarna pszenicy [Main elements of production technology determining a high wheat grain quality]. Pam. Puł. 130, [in Polish]. Shi R., Zhang Y., Chen X., Sun Q., Zhang F., Römheld V., Zou Ch., Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Cereal Sci. 51, Sułek A., Cacak-Pietrzak G., Ceglińska A., Wpływ różnych sposobów aplikacji azotu na plon, elementy jego struktury oraz wybrane cechy jakościowe odmian pszenicy jarej [Effect of different methods of nitrogen application on the yield, its structural components and chosen quality traits of spring wheat cultivars]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sect. E, Agricultura 59(2), Szmigiel A., Wpływ nawożenia azotem na powierzchnię asymilacyjną liści i plonowanie pszenicy ozimej [Effect of nitrogen fertilization on assimilation surface area of leaves and winter wheat yield]. Rocz. Nauk Rol. A 111(3-4), [in Polish]. Szmigiel A., Wpływ dawek i sposobu nawożenia azotem na powierzchnię asymilacyjną liści i plonowanie pszenicy ozimej [Effect of doses and methods of nitrogen fertilization on assimilation surface area of leaves and winter wheat yield]. Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków, Rolnictwo 35, [in Polish]. Weber E.A., Koller W.D., Graeff S., Hermann W., Merkt N., Claupein W., Impact of different nitrogen fertilizers and an additional sulfur supply on grain yield, quality, and the potential of acrylamide formation in winter wheat. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, Wesołowski M., Kwiatkowski C., Wpływ gęstości siewu na budowę łanu i plon ziarna pszenicy jarej [Effect of sowing density on canopy structure and yield of spring wheat grain]. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sect. E, Agricultura 59(2), [in Polish]. Wróbel E., Szempliński W., Plonowanie i wartość technologiczna ziarna pszenicy ozimej nawożonej zróżnicowanymi dawkami azotu [Yield and technological value of winter wheat grain fertilized with different nitrogen doses]. Pam. Puł. 118, [in Polish]. WPŁYW DAWKI I SPOSOBU POGŁÓWNEGO NAWOŻENIA AZOTEM NA PLON I JAKOŚĆ ZIARNA PSZENICY OZIMEJ Streszczenie. Ustalenie odpowiedniego poziomu nawożenia azotem dla nowych odmian pszenicy ozimej ma duże znaczenie ze względu na wpływ tego składnika na wysokość plonu ziarna i jego jakość. Celem badań było określenie wpływu dawek i sposobu stosowania azotu (doglebowo i dolistnie) na plon ziarna, elementy plonowania, zawartość białka ogólnego oraz wybrane makro- i mikroelementy w ziarnie pszenicy ozimej. Doświadczenie polowe z pszenicą ozimą odmiany Rywalka przeprowadzono w sezonach 2008/2009, 2009/2010 i 2010/2011 w gospodarstwie położonym w południowo- -wschodniej Polsce. Doświadczenie założono metodą bloków losowanych w czterech powtórzeniach. Badanym czynnikiem były zróżnicowane pogłówne dawki azotu od 40 do Agricultura 12(4) 2013

12 30 D. Bobrecka-Jamro, G. Kruczek, M. Romaniak, W. Jarecki, J. Buczek 120 kg ha - ¹, zastosowane doglebowo i dolistnie na tle kontroli bez nawożenia azotowego. Doświadczenie polowe założono na glebie brunatnej klasy bonitacyjnej IIIa. W latach prowadzenia badań gleba wykazywała zmienną zasobność w przyswajalne składniki mineralne. Odczyn gleby w KCL wynosił od 5,9 do 6,7. Warunki pogodowe w okresie wegetacji pszenicy były zmienne w latach badań. Sezon wegetacyjny 2009/2010 obfitował w opady, których łączna suma od października do sierpnia wyniosła 950 mm. Sezony wegetacyjne 2008/2009 i 2010/2011 charakteryzowały się korzystnym przebiegiem warunków pogodowych. Plonowanie pszenicy ozimej odmiany Rywalka było zróżnicowane w latach badań i zależało od pogłównego nawożenia azotem. Najwyższy plon uzyskano po zastosowaniu azotu w dawce 120 kg ha - ¹. Pogłówne nawożenie azotem wpłynęło na niektóre elementy plonowania pszenicy ozimej. Rośliny nawożone 120 N kg ha - ¹ odznaczały się istotnie większą obsadą kłosów. Wraz z wyższymi dawkami nawożenia azotowego zwiększała się zawartość białka ogólnego w ziarnie. Po zastosowaniu 120 kg ha - ¹ oraz 84 kg ha - ¹ była ona istotnie większa niż w ziarnie roślin nienawożonych. Pogłówne nawożenie azotem zmodyfikowało zawartość magnezu i wapnia, nie miało natomiast większego wpływu na gromadzenie fosforu i potasu w ziarnie pszenicy. Pod wpływem pogłównego nawożenia azotem wahaniom ulegała zawartość w ziarnie manganu i cynku, natomiast zawartość żelaza oraz miedzi nie była znacząco zróżnicowana. Słowa kluczowe: dokarmianie dolistne, potrzeby nawozowe, pszenica ozima, produkcyjność, skład chemiczny ziarna Accepted for print Zaakceptowano do druku: For citation Do cytowania: Bobrecka-Jamro D., Kruczek G., Romaniak M., Jarecki W., Buczek J., Effect of the dose and method of top-dressing with nitrogen on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 12(4), Acta Sci. Pol.