The publication prepared by: KIKO Business Solutions, Mind Master Creative, SYNOLIC ltd, ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt.

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2 This analysis was prepared in frame of the project COMDENT titled Developing communication competences among medical doctors with specialization in dentistry co-funded by European Union Programme ERASMUS +. The views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the authors. Content presented in the publication do not present the official position of the European Union institutions. The publication prepared by: KIKO Business Solutions, Mind Master Creative, SYNOLIC ltd, ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt. All rights reserved. Project COMDENT: KIKO Business Solutions, Mind Master Creative, SYNOLIC ltd, ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt. Neither part of the study can be used without the express written consent of the authors of the publication. More information about the project: Project s office: KIKO Business Solutions Zebra Tower Mokotowska 1 Street, Warsaw info@comdent.co 1

3 English executive summary Let us present International comparative analysis of the Medical Dentists educational framework in terms of communication. The analysis presents the actual information on the statistical data regarding dentists, dentistry students and the educational system in selected European countries in terms of communication between dentists and patients. One of the main conclusions is that the communication skills are not taught as separated courses on most universities analysed (especially in the obligatory study programmes). The research was conducted in four European countries by KIKO Business Solutions from Poland, Mind Master Creative from Romania, SYNOLIC ltd from Greece and ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt from Austria. The European Union selected the team of expert Institutions (specialised in communication, education and with international dimension) to conduct the trans-european research for developing and enhancing the communication skills of medical dentists. The international research is a part of the innovative project co-funded by the European Union titled Developing communication competences among medical doctors with specialization in dentistry (with acronym COMDENT). The main target of the project is to create the training programme and methodology curriculum for medical dentists in the subject of communication with patient with special emphasis on the work with fear. 2

4 Polish executive summary Oddajemy w Państwa ręce: Międzynarodową analizę porównawczą modelu nauczania lekarzy dentystów w kontekście komunikacji. Analiza zawiera informacje na temat danych statystycznych dotyczących dentystów i studentów stomatologii oraz systemu edukacyjnego w kontekście komunikacji między dentystą, a pacjentem w wybranych państwach europejskich. Jednym z głównych wniosków jest fakt, że umiejętności komunikacyjne nie są nauczane w formie odrębnych przedmiotów na większości analizowanych uniwersytetów (zwłaszcza w ramach obligatoryjnego programu studiów). Badania przeprowadzono w czterech krajach europejskich przez KIKO Business Solutions z Polski, Mind Master Creative z Rumunii, SYNOLIC ltd z Grecji i ÖTZ-NLP & NLPt z Austrii. W programie Unii Europejskiej został wybrany zespół eksperckich instytucji (ze specjalizacją w obszarach komunikacji, edukacji i projektów międzynarodowych), który prowadzi transeuropejskie badania mające na celu rozwój i wzmocnienie umiejętności komunikacyjnych lekarzy dentystów. Niniejsze międzynarodowe badania stanowią część innowacyjnego projektu dofinansowywanego ze środków Unii Europejskiej: Doskonalenie umiejętności komunikacyjnych wśród lekarzy dentystów (akronim: COMDENT). Głównym celem projektu jest opracowanie programu szkoleniowego dla lekarzy dentystów oraz metodologii jego stosowania w obszarze komunikacji z pacjentem, ze szczególnym naciskiem na pracę z pacjentem z lękiem przed zabiegami stomatologicznymi. 3

5 Romanian executive summary Să ne prezentăm "Analiză comparativă la nivel internațional a cadrului educațional in specialitatea stomtologie în termeni de comunicare". Analiza prezintă informații cu privire la datele statistice referitoare la stomatologi, studenți la stomatologie precumși sistemul educațional din țările europene selectate in ceea ce privește comunicarea dintre stomatologi și pacienți. Una dintre principalele concluzii este că abilitatile de comunicare nu sunt luate in calcul in cele mai multe universitati analizate (mai ales in programele obligatorii). Studiul a fost realizat în patru țări europene de către KIKO Business Solutions Polonia, Mind Master Creative din România, SYNOLIC ltd din Grecia și ÖTZ-NLP &NLPt din Austria. Uniunea Europeană a selectat echipa instituțiilor de experți (specializată în comunicare si educație cu dimensiune internațională), pentru a efectua activități de cercetare trans-europene în scopul dezvoltării șiîmbunătățirii competențelor de comunicare ale medicilor stomatologi. Cercetarea internațională este parte din proiectul inovativ co-finanțat de Uniunea Europeană"Dezvoltarea competențelor de comunicare a medicilor cu specializare în stomatologie" denumit COMDENT. Obiectivul principal al proiectului este de a crea programul de training și metodologiacurriculumpentru medici stomatologi pe aria de comunicare cu pacientul, cu accent special pe lucrul cu pacienți care au frică de procedurile stomatologice. 4

6 Greek executive summary «Ευρωπαϊκή συγκριτική ανάλυση στα πλαίσια της εκπαίδευσης οδοντιάτρων σε θέματα επικοινωνίας με τους ασθενής τους» Η έκθεση παρουσιάζει τα ευρήματα και στατιστικά στοιχεία μεταξύ κρατών μέλλων της ΕΕ σχετικά με την εκπαίδευση των οδοντιάτρων σε θέματα επικοινωνίας με του ασθενήςπελάτες τους. Ένα σημαντικό συμπέρασμα της έρευνας, που προέκυψε από τη μελέτη καιανάλυση των δεδομένων που συλλέχθηκαν και των συνεντεύξεων που διεξήχθησαν, είναι ότι τα εκπαιδευτικά προγράμματα των πανεπιστημίων των κρατών μελών της ΕΕ, σε θέματα ανάπτυξης δεξιοτήτων επικοινωνίας με ασθενείς / πελάτες, μπορούν να βελτιωθούν και να εξελιχθούν σημαντικά με σύγχρονα μοντέλα και συστήματα. Η έρευνα έχει διεξαχθεί υπό την αιγίδα της ΕΕ και του προγράμματος Erasmus+. Ο τρόπος επιλογής των εταιρειών να διεξάγουν τη σχετική ερευνά, έγινε βάση της εξειδίκευσης τους σε θέματα επικοινωνίας και ειδικών συστημάτων ανάπτυξης του δυναμικού των ανθρώπων. Οι εταιρείες/ιδρύματα είναι οι: KIKO Business Solutions από την Πολωνία, Mind MasterCreation από τη Ρουμανία, SYNOLIC nlpingreece από την Ελλάδα και Ötz-NLP &NLPt από την Αυστρία. Η έκθεση της έρευναςαποτελεί μέρος του καινοτόμου έργου που συγχρηματοδοτείται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση με τίτλο «Ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων επικοινωνίας μεταξύ των ιατρών με ειδικότητα στην οδοντιατρική" και ακρωνύμιο COMDENT. Ο κύριος στόχος του έργου είναι η δημιουργία ενός εξειδικευμένου εκπαιδευτικού προγράμματοςμε σκοπό να εξελίξει τις ικανότητες επικοινωνίας των οδοντιάτρων με τους ασθενείς καθώς επίσης και μιας μεθοδολογίας στο θέμα διαχείρισης ασθενών με φοβία. 5

7 German executive summary Wir freuen uns, eine kurze Zusammenfassung unseres Projekts vorstellen zu dürfen: Internationale Vergleichstudie der Zahnärzte Ausbildung bzgl. Kommunikation Die Analyse zeigt aktuelle statistische Daten bzgl. ZahnärztInnen, ZahnarztstudentInnen und der Ausbildungssysteme in den untersuchten Ländern bzgl. der Kommunikation zwischen ZahnärztInnen und PatientInnen. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis ist, dass die praktische Aus- und Fortbildung in diesem Bereich signifikant verbessert werden sollte, da Kommunikations- Kompetenzen in einem Großteil der untersuchten Universitäten nicht gelehrt werden (besonders in den Pflichtfächern). Das Forschungsprojekt wurde in 4 Ländern durchgeführt. Die Partner sind KIKO Business Solutions, Warschau, Polen, Mind Master Creative Bukarest Rumänien, Synolic Ltd Athen, Griechenland und ÖTZ NLP & NLPt Wien, Österreich. Diese Institutionen sind Experten für Kommunikation und Training im internationalen Kontext. Sie wurden von der Europäische Union ausgewählten, das Forschungsprojekt zur Entwicklung und Verbesserung der Kommunikation von ZahnärztInnen durchzuführen. Diese internationale Forschung ist Teil des innovativen, EU geförderten Projects "Entwicklung kommunikativer Kompetenzen für Zahnärzte" mit dem Aktonym COMDENT Das wesentliche Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung von Trainingsprogrammen und methodischer Curricula im Bereich der Patientenkommunikation mit spezieller Berücksichtigung in der Arbeit mit Ängsten. 6

8 Comparative analysis of the Medical Dentists educational framework in four European countries The table of contents I. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Poland developed by KIKO Business Solutions Statistical data on medical dentists in Poland Gender and age of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Poland Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Poland Education system on medical universities in Poland Formal rules of study Existing universities educating on dentistry in Poland Medical education on communication with the patient Obligatory practice Final exam Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland Obligatory postgraduate dental internship Dental specialities MBA as a form of postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland

9 II. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Romania developed by Mind Master Creative Statistical data on medical dentists in Romania Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Romania Number of Dental Cliniques in Romania Statistical data on graduates in dentistry in Romania Education system on medical universities in Romania Formal rules of study Existing universities educating on dentistry in Romania and program of study Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Romania There is no obligatory postgraduate dental internship in Romania Dental specialities III. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Greece developed by SYNOLIC ltd Statistical data on medical dentists in Greece Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Greece Gender of graduates in dentistry in Greece Education system on medical universities in Greece Formal rules of study Existing universities educating on dentistry in Greece Study program in dentistry Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Greece

10 IV. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Austria developed by ÖTZ-NLP&NLPt Statistical data on medical dentists in Austria Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Austria Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Austria Education system on medical universities in Austria Formal rules of study Existing universities educating on dentistry in Austria Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Austria Dental specialities

11 I. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Poland developed by KIKO Business Solutions 1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Poland In the OECD s report Health Care Resources the newest available data from 2012 indicate that 38,848 medical dentists in Poland were licensed to practice, 13,549 of them were professionally active and 12,491 of them were practising dentists. Below is presented the data on number of medical dentists in Poland in 2009, 2010, 2011 and Practising dentists Professionally active dentists Dentists licensed to practice The table was created based on data from: Health Care Resources, OECD.StatExtracts According to data from the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland (in Polish: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP) 39,679 medical dentists (and additionally 605 medics who were double licensed to practice) were members of The Polish Chamber of Physicians and Dentists (in Polish: Naczelna Izba Lekarska) in ,893 of them (and 454 of double licensed) were professionally active. 10

12 Number of medical dentists according to regions (voivodeships) in Poland Region (voivodeship) Lower Silesian (dolnośląskie) Kuyavian-Pomeranian (kujawskopomorskie) Professionally active dentists Double licensed to practice (doctor and dentist) Lublin (lubelskie) Lubusz (lubuskie) Łódź (łódzkie) Lesser Poland (małopolskie) Masovian (mazowieckie) Opole (opolskie) Subcarpathian (podkarpackie) Podlaskie (podlaskie) Pomeranian (pomorskie) Silesian (śląskie) Świętokrzyskie (świętokrzyskie) Warmian-Masurian (warmińskomazurskie) Greater Poland (wielkopolskie) West Pomeranian (zachodniopomorskie) Lack of the information or unknown code Total number The table was created based on data from: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP, , 11

13 1.1. Gender and age of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Poland Number of medical dentists in Poland according to gender and age Gender Age range Professionally active dentists Double licensed to practice (doctor and dentist) to Male and more to Female and more The table was created based on data from: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP, , 12

14 Gender of medical dentists in Poland The data on age and gender of medical dentists in Poland (collected by the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland) indicate that in 2015 there are 35,347 professionally active dentists and only 24,6% of them (8,689 persons) are men. So it is a definitely feminised profession in Poland. Age structure of medical dentists in Poland (to 45 years) In the statement of the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland from the youngest age group (to 25 years) is 1.6% (556 people) of dentists working in Poland. That data clearly indicate that most people start working in this profession at the age after 25. Among dentists licensed to practice in Poland 12% (4,231 people) is in the age group years, 11.5% (4,060) in the range of years and the next 11.1% (3,936) in the range of years; and the next 12.1% (4,272) in the range of years. Altogether in Poland in the group of professionally active dentists at the age of years is 16,499 persons, which represents 46.7% of all Polish dentists. 2. Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Poland In recent years intake for the first year of study at the dentistry in Poland amounted to approx listeners. On the list of Council of European Dentists from 2014 in terms of the number of students in relation to the population Poland is in 11th place among 29 European countries (1 dental student/31.3 thou. inhabitants in Poland, for comparison in Romania 1 student/12.4 thou. and in the Netherlands 1 student/67.9 thou.). Additionally, in the statement of the absolute number of students of dentistry Polandwith the number of 1231 listeners is in fourth place behind Germany, Romania and Spain. In recent years the number of graduates in dentistry in Poland ranges between 700 and 1,000 people per year. In persons received the dental diploma (the report of Council of European Dentists, see the table below). 13

15 Statistics on students and graduates in dentistry in Poland, Romania, Greece and Austria Country Poland Romania Greece Austria Number of inhabitants in 38,5 22,2 10,7 8,2 millions Number of students/thousand 31,3 12,4 42,8 49,7 of inhabitants Number of medical universities Public universities Private universities Annual intake in dentistry Number of diplomas Percentage of women in dental studies Time of study in years The table was created based on data from: The list of Council of European Dentists, cited in: Liczba studentów stomatologii w UE - Polska w środku stawki, , 3. Education system on medical universities in Poland Finished studies at the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (in Polish: kierunek lekarskodentystyczny) are necessary to obtain the title of medical dentist and license to practice (for detailed description of the educational system in dentistry in Poland please refer to the next points in this section) Formal rules of study Duration of study: 5 years Mode of study: stationary (public funding) or non-stationary (private funding) 14

16 Entering exam: no (but for details of the recruitment please refer to the next point) Recruitment procedure: it is based on the results of Matura Exam/IB - Baccalaureate (subjects: chemistry, biology, mathematics, physics - depending on the university which of them are required) 3.2. Existing universities educating on dentistry in Poland In Poland are 10 universities (all of them public) that offer education on the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry: - Wroclaw Medical University, in Polish: Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu ( - Medical University of Gdansk, in Polish: Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny ( - Pomeranian Medical University, in Polish: Pomorska Akademia Medyczna w Szczecinie ( - Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, in Polish: Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach ( - Medical University of Bialystok, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku ( - Jagiellonian University Medical College - Collegium Medicum, in Polish: Collegium Medicum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ( - Medical University of Lublin, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ( - Medical University of Lodz, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi ( 15

17 - Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Polish: Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu ( - Medical University of Warsaw, in Polish: Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny ( Medical education on communication with the patient There are some courses regarding communication skills on Polish medical universities. Some of them are obligatory and some of them not (they are elective/facultative courses). Obligatory courses: o Medical Psychology (4 universities) o Professionalism in Medicine (1 university) o Anti-stress Strategies (1 university) Facultative (non-obligatory) courses: o Empathy in Medicine (1 university) o The Practice of GP and Dentist what is worth borrowing(1 university) o Interpersonal Communication in the Dental Office (1 university) o The agreement with the patient: communication and relationship (1 university) 3.4. Obligatory practice During the studies obligatory practical training for each student is 640 hours practice in the scheme 16 weeks x 40 hours (they are carried out during the holiday season as a part of the practical work). Detailed rules and form of apprenticeship depends on particular universities. Below are presented information on fields of the obligatory practical training. 16

18 Nursing practice Medical practice (general surgery, general medicine or oral and maxillofacial surgery) Practice of dental hygienist Dental practice manual procedures Clinical practice clinical procedures 2 weeks after 1st year of study 2 weeks after 1st year of study 4 weeks after 2nd year of study 4 weeks after 3rd year of study 4 weeks after 4th year of study 80 hours 80 hours 160 hours 160 hours 160 hours 3.5. Final exam In 2013 The Final Dental Exam (in Polish: Lekarsko-Dentystyczny Egzamin Końcowy, LDEK) replaced earlier form of examination The National Dental Exam (in Polish: Lekarsko- Dentystyczny Egzamin Państwowy, LDEP). The Final Dental Exam is the national exam organised by the Centre for Medical Examination. The exam consists of 200 questions. To get a positive result, you must score at least 56% of the maximum number of points. The results of the exam are criteria in a recruitment procedure on medical specialities. Only graduates in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry are entitled to take The Final Dental Exam. 4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland Postgraduate education includes public and commercial courses and trainings for medical dentists in Poland, mostly not obligatory. 17

19 4.1. Obligatory postgraduate dental internship The Act Amending the Act on the Professions of Doctor and Doctor of Dental Medicine of 28 April 2011(in Polish: Ustawa z dnia 28 kwietnia 2011 r. o zmianie ustawy o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty, Dz.U r. nr 113, poz. 658) introduced changes in the education of dentists, including the elimination of postgraduate internship and the inclusion of practical teaching in the profession of dentistry at the stage of study. The last edition of postgraduate dental internship will be organized on 1st October2016. Currently realisation of the postgraduate internship is a condition to get license to practice in dentistry. The internship lasts 12 months and it mainly includes partial internship in the field of dentistry (including conservative dentistry, paediatric dentistry, periodontics, orthodontics, dental surgery, prosthodontics) and emergency medicine, as well as training in medical jurisprudence, bioethics and medical law Dental specialities Fields of speciality that are available in Polish educational system for medical dentists: General dental specialities o Dental Surgery o Orthodontics o Periodontics o Prosthodontics o Paediatric Dentistry o Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (including general dentistry) Medical and dental specialities (general/others): o Epidemiology o Hygiene and Epidemiology o Health Education o Medical Pedagogy o Public Health 18

20 Maxillofacial Surgery (available as: general dental specialty, medical speciality, speciality for medics double licensed to practice) Duration of the speciality course: o Maxillofacial surgery - five years o Other specialities - 3 years In the statement of the Central Register of Medical and Dental Practitioners in Poland from among general dental specialities most of professionally active dentist are specialised in Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (12 042). The next in number of specialists are: Dental Surgery (1 846), Prosthodontics (1 461) and Orthodontics (1 158). Number of specialists among medical dentists according to a field of speciality Field of speciality Number of specialists Dental Surgery Orthodontics Periodontics 443 Prosthodontics Paediatric Dentistry 765 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (including general dentistry ) Maxillofacial Surgery (general dental, double licensed to practice) 314 The table was created based on data from: Centralny Rejestr Lekarzy RP, , 19

21 The dentist gets the title of a specialist in a particular field of speciality after completion of speciality training and after passing the National Speciality Exam (in Polish: Państwowy Egzamin Specjalizacyjny, PES) or after confirmation of the equivalent specialist title obtained abroad (source: Ministry of Health, Dental specialities in Poland are free of charge (there is only public education). The issues of recruitment and realisation of dental specialities in Poland are codified in: The Act on Professions of Doctor and Doctor of Dental Medicine of 5 December 1996 (Ustawa z dnia 5 grudnia 1996 r. o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty, Dz. U nr 277 poz. 1634) and The Regulation of the Minister of Health on Medical and Dental Specialities of 2 January 2013 (Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 2 stycznia 2013 r. w sprawie specjalizacji lekarzy i lekarzy dentystów, Dz.U. z 2013 r., poz. 26) MBA as a form of postgraduate education for medical dentists in Poland MBA as a form of postgraduate education is offered i.a. to medical dentists who are or are going to be managers in dental offices/clinics. MBA in Warsaw School of Economics and in Kozminski University definitely are worth mentioning among available Polish studies. Warsaw School of Economics, Postgraduate Studies in Health Protection Organisations Management (in Polish: Szkoła Główna Handlowa, Podyplomowe Studia Zarządzania Organizacjami Ochrony Zdrowia) The first edition of the studies took place in The lecturers are employees of the Warsaw School of Economics, employees of other universities and practitioners in the field of health. Till now over 500 persons graduated the studies. The aim of the studies is providing students with comprehensive knowledge of the management of organisations involved in health care. Graduates of the studies are well prepared to manage a health care entity or other organisation related to health in a quickly increasing competition on the market of medical services. During the courses students have 20

22 the opportunity not only to listen to lectures, but also to take part in workshops that allow them to develop skills needed in the daily management of the organisation. In addition, studies allow for the exchange of views and experiences and to establish contacts useful in their work. The study programme includes in total 176 hours of classes divided into five thematic areas, including issues related to the modern management of health care entities. Kozminski University, MBA for Medical Staff (in Polish: Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego, MBA dla Kadry Medycznej) The studies are addressed specifically to current and future executives of healthcare institutions, employees of National Health Fund, government officials, administrative employees, and local government responsible for the development and implementation of health policy. The study programme provides students with: - new knowledge in the field of management, economics and finance, with special reference to health, - knowledge of the Polish health care system compared to foreign systems, - methodological basics for self-study, analyse and solve problems in the field of health, - effective management techniques, - acquisition and development of practical leadership skills. 21

23 II. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Romania developed by Mind Master Creative 1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Romania According to statistics provided by the World Health Organization in 2012, on oral diseases and oral health services in Romania there were a total of 11,855 dentists in 2009 with a density of dentists per 100,000 people while in 2010 their number was 12,448 with a density of dentists per 100,000 inhabitants. According to statistics of the Romanian National Institute of Statistics the number of total dentists in Romania in 2013 was Considering the data of the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook for 2012, provided the following data: Dentists Women (in group of dentists) People/ 1 dentist Dentists for inhabitants ,1 6,5 7,1 22

24 The table below presents information on number of dental practices in Romania (regarding type of ownership public/private) in 2010, 2011, 2012 and Number of dental practices in Romania ( ) Years Public Owned Private Owned Below are presented information on number of medical dentists in Romania per administrative regions in 2010, 2011, 2012 and Number of dentists in Romania per counties (administrative regions) from 2010 to 2013 Public/Private owned Counties Public Alba Arad Arges Bacau Bihor Bistrita-Nasaud Botosani Brasov Braila Buzau

25 - Caras-Severin Calarasi Cluj Constanta Covasna Dambovita Dolj Galati Giurgiu Gorj Harghita Hunedoara Ialomita Iasi Ilfov Maramures Mehedinti Mures Neamt Olt Prahova Satu Mare Salaj Sibiu Suceava Teleorman Timis Tulcea Vaslui

26 - Valcea Vrancea MunicipiulBucures Private Alba Arad Arges Bacau Bihor Bistrita-Nasaud Botosani Brasov Braila Buzau Caras-Severin Calarasi Cluj Constanta Covasna Dambovita Dolj Galati Giurgiu Gorj Harghita Hunedoara Ialomita Iasi Ilfov

27 - Maramures Mehedinti Mures Neamt Olt Prahova Satu Mare Salaj Sibiu Suceava Teleorman Timis Tulcea Vaslui Valcea Vrancea MunicipiulBucures Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Romania According to the Handbook of Dental Practice published by the Council of European Dentists in 2010, among professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Romania there were 68% female and 38% male. The table below presents information on consultation of a medical professional by gender and educational attainment level. 26

28 GEO/ All ISCED 1997 levels Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education Upper secondary and post-secondary nontertiary education First and second stage of tertiary education ISCED97 Romania TOTAL 96,3 97, ,9 Romania FEMALE 95,9 97,5 95,4 91 Romania MALE 96,8 98,4 96,4 94,6 Source: Eurostat, Number of Dental Cliniques in Romania In 2013 in Romania were 11,931 private dental cliniques and 1527 public ones. The data indicate that tendency to operate in a private sector was increasing from 2010 till 2013 (please refer to the table below). Dental Cliniques Ownership Type Public Private Statistical data on graduates in dentistry in Romania In recent years the number of graduates in dentistry in Romania ranges between 900 and 1,400 people per year Source: Eurostat, 27

29 3. Education system on medical universities in Romania Finished studies at Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry are necessary to obtain the title of medical dentist and license to practice (for detailed description of the educational system in dentistry in Poland please refer to the next points in this section) Formal rules of study Duration of study: 5 or 6 years Mode of study: stationary (public funding) and non-stationary (private funding) Entering exam: yes Recruitment procedure: admission based on exams, previous academic records and marks in biology, chemistry or physics/maths and eventually other academic or professional activities depending on the particular universities requirements 3.2. Existing universities educating on dentistry in Romania and program of study In Romania are 13 universities educating on dentistry. In Romania studies on dental medicine (dentistry) are possible in English, French or Romanian in Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, Timisoara, Craiova, Bucharest, Arad, Oradea, Constanta, Targu-Jiu, Sibiu medical universities. Most of Romanian Medical Universities are known as Universities of Medicine and Pharmacy in Romania and have faculties of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. Romanian Medical School Program Structure Most of Universities of Medicine and Pharmacy in Romania have undergraduate programs in English, French, German and Romanian, postgraduate programs in Romanian and medical preparatory year program. 28

30 Romanian Medical Universities o Cluj-Napoca Medical University Founded in 1919 at Cluj, as part of Cluj University. With over 850 teachers and researchers, the medical university of Cluj-Napoca has undergraduate programs long cycle (6 years), Short-cycle (3 to 4 years) and several postgraduate programs organized into 5 faculties. Long program University Degree: Faculty of Dental Medicine ( 6 years - in Romanian, English and French) Short program University Degrees: Dental Techniques - 3 study years, Dental Hygienist 3 study years University Degree: Faculty of Dentistry of Cluj-Napoca Medical University Degree: Dentist (D.D.) The priorities of the Faculty place considerable emphasis on the development of multidisciplinary skills: observation, practical, clinical, communication, computer, team work and management skills. New study disciplines have been introduced in accordance with international higher education criteria, such as: occlusology, implantology, oral pathology and dental community medicine. At present, 1604 students attend the courses of this Faculty, working under the supervision of 108 academics from 14 chairs. University Degree: Dental Technicians of Cluj-Napoca Medical University Degree: Dental Technician Created in 1993, the programme is offered by the Faculty of Dentistry - initiator of this program, as a response to national priorities. 84 students are enrolled for studies working under the supervision of 35 academics from 6 chairs. 29

31 o University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila of Bucharest Established in 1857 under the name National School of Medicine and Pharmacy by French expatriate medic Carol Davila, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy was the first medical school in Romania. In 1869 it became a department in the newly created University of Bucharest. The first doctoral degrees were granted in 1873, and the doctoral degree became the de facto graduation in Nowadays, it comprises three major colleges: Faculty of Medicine (in English and Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (in English and Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy (in Romanian). o Gr.T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi Founded in 1879 as a Faculty of Medicine, later being associated with other two institutions which complete the medical instruction area (the Faculty of pharmacy and the Faculty of Dentistry), is one of the oldest Romanian schools. The university has material basis and modern technique, appropriate for the didactic and scientific research activity processes. The languages of instruction are Romanian and English. Undergraduate programs available: The Medical Faculty (6 years program in English, French and Romanian),The Faculty of Dental Medicine (English, French and Romanian), The Faculty of Pharmacy (English and Romanian), The Faculty of Medical Bioengineering (Romanian only). University of Medicine Iasi in faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Bioengineering organise several undergraduate (short and long term programs) and postgraduate (Master, PhD/Doctorate, Residency and other courses) programs. o Constanta Medical School (Ovidius University of Constanta) Ovidius University Constanta was founded in The medical faculty was established in Its medical school is one of the youngest in the country but also one of the modernized medical school among Romanian universities. It currently holds English 30

32 programs for Medicine. Available faculties are: Faculty of General Medicine (in English or Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy (Romanian). o University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu-Mures The Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu-Mures was founded in 1945, the teaching language being Hungarian. The medical teaching in Romanian was introduced in In 1990, the Institute was turned into the University of Medicine and Pharmacy, having both Romanian and Hungarian as teaching languages. Nowadays, it has three faculties: Faculty of Medicine (in English and Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (in Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy (in Romanian). Faculty of Medicine and Farmacy of Oradea: General Medicine (in English, French and Romanian), Dentistry (in English and Romanian), Pharmacy (in Romanian) o Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara The school was founded as a modest faculty on 30 December Available faculties are: Faculty of General Medicine (in English, French and Romanian), Faculty of Dentistry (in English and Romanian), Faculty of Pharmacy (in French and Romanian). 4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Romania There is no obligatory postgraduate dental internship in Romania. After 6 years of General Medicine or Dentistry, Doctors can continue studies on Specialisation with 3 years of Residency, when they choose specialisation in orthodontic, medicine, surgery, implantology or related fields. During the residency, doctors practices as a juniors and continue complete their knowledge and skills. 31

33 The doctors can practise without residency but they must complete annually a list of technical trainings and competency trainings recommended by the Dentists Chamber. The universities in Romania offer Technical Master Programmes for Dentists. There are no Masters Programmes on communication skills. Doctoral school - Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj- Napoca The construction of its curricula was started from the structure of education programs built by similar higher education institutions from around the world and especially from the identification of the subjects considered to be essential for the harmonious training of a young researcher. University of Medicine Iasi offers faculties of Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Bioengineering and organise several postgraduate (Master, PhD/Doctorate, Residency and other courses) programs. The doctoral degree is organized in two ways: with attendance (4 years) and without attendance (6 years). At the end of the doctoral program, after oral presentation of the doctorate thesis and the confirmation of the scientific title awarded, the degree of "Doctor in Medicine" is given Dental specialities According to the Handbook of Dental Practice published by the Council of European Dentists in 2010, in Romania were the following total number of specialists in: o oral surgery 157 o orthodontics 412 o maxillofacial surgery

34 III. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Greece developed by SYNOLIC ltd 1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Greece The newest available data from 2015 indicate that in Greece are approximately professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists. Following the population and residential demographics, more than 40% of the medical dentists are registered in the area of Attica, with of them operating in the area of Athens. The second largest association is located in Thessaloniki that holds the 12,5% of the active practising medical dentists (approximately 1.750). Sources: Dental Association of Greece, Dental Association of Athens, Dental Association of Thessaloniki According to current data from National & Social Insurance Institute (IKA) approximately 50% of graduates in dentistry in Greece choose to move abroad for occupation (as the effect of the unstable economic conditions in Greece). Type of ownership in medical dentists practices in Greece There is a strong tendency, which reaches a 75%, for medical dentists to operate in a private sector (source of data below: National & Social Insurance Institute). There are the main sources of income for the active practicing medical dentists: 1. Private Practice 75% 2. National Health System (hospitals etc.) 20% 3. National Insurance System 5% 33

35 2. Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Greece In total the number of students entering dental schools in Greece (Dental School of Athens and Dental School of Thessaloniki) are approximately per year. Sources: Ministry of Education In the following table of the Ministry of Education are presented the admissions for the last six years. Athens Thessaloniki Total Gender of graduates in dentistry in Greece Among graduates in dentistry in Greece are approximately 40% men and 60% women. Source: CECDO 3. Education system on medical universities in Greece 3.1. Formal rules of study Duration of study The duration of dental studies are 10 semesters in total which is equivalent to 5 years. 34

36 Extension of additional 2 semesters (1 year) of study is possible for students that can present a reasonable reason for applying for an extension. Source: Dental School of Athens Entering exam: no, please refer to the recruitment procedure Recruitment procedure Prerequisite for admission to higher education (university) is the possession of a baccalaureate - IB (high school Lyceum), while the number of students admitted in each section of universities specified by the Ministry of Education annually (sources: Ministry of Education; Dental School of Athens; Dental School of Thessaloniki). The admissions process at the university based on students' performance in the third high school in six general education and specialization courses, addressed in nation-wide issues, including verbal score by 30% and the written score by 70%. The grades for been admitted in all universities varies from year to year based on the grades that the applicants will get. Dental schools are among the most difficult schools to enter. The table below presents information regarding number of points in the recruitment procedure that was sufficient to study dentistry in Greece in Records for Year st student Last student School Town High High Special Social Special Places Enters Points School Points School Lesson Team Lesson Grade Grade Grade Grade Dental Athens General ,28 38, ,08 35,90 Dental Thes/ki General ,58 18, ,77 38,20 Dental (military) General ,15 39, ,75 39,10 35

37 3.2. Existing universities educating on dentistry in Greece In Greece are two universities (schools) on dentistry: Dental School (University) of Athens Dental School (University) of Thessaloniki Additionally there is a military dental university/school Study program in dentistry Source of information presented in this section: Dental School of Athens Program objectives The objective of the dental program is gaining and developing the necessary knowledge, skills and practice that will allow graduates to practice as a medical dentist, aiming the restitution and maintenance of dental hygiene and the general health of the public. The important parts of dentistry program are: o General Medical Knowledge o Preventive Medicine o Social Responsibility o Ephesians Lifelong Learning Evaluation of students The evaluation of students might vary depending on the subject and can include intermediate and final written testing, oral examination, projects, essays and practice evaluation. Additionally, subjects may vary in significance(based on the topic), which have a different weighting factor on the grade of the degree. 36

38 Basic program The training and lectures for the medical dentists are separated in four categories: 1. Lectures of Basic Science (are taught at the start of the study and are consider as necessary and the basis for the understanding and comprehending of the medicobiological and medical subjects, e.g. Medical-chemistry, Biology etc.) 2. Medico-biological and Medical subjects (subjects that will help the students ensure the base on which they will comprehend the functions and mechanisms of the human mouth and the stomatognathic system and additionally will realize the correlation between the mouth hygiene and general health, e.g. Anatomy, Bio-Chemistry etc.) 3. Dental subjects (are taught from the beginning till the end of the school and are the individual subjects of the dental science, e.g. Periodontics, Prosthetics, Oral surgery etc.) 4. Electives (an ordinance that started in , they help students develop and enrich knowledge on the science (e.g. Laser X-Ray etc.) Teaching methods and practices Diverse and adjusted teaching methods are an essential issue in education in dental schools in Greece. Apart from the theory, which is conducted in auditoriums lectures, there are organized: seminar lectures, practice lectures and clinical lectures. Additional attention is assured for the practice and clinical lectures. In the practice lectures, students in equipped workshops are practicing many dental acts which will practice, real case, on patients during the clinical lectures. The clinical lectures are conducted in a full treatment plan synthesis, which the teacher and the student will develop and execute during the workshop. Clinical workshops, a student is following at the 4 th semester as a student-assistant and from 6 th as a student. 37

39 During those semesters and practices, the students are indirectly taught basic communication skills as part of their training. No specific lesson/topic on communication is taught during their education. 4. Postgraduate education for medical dentists in Greece Approximately 35% of the annual students follow postgraduate studies in the field of Dentistry (sources: Ministry of Education; National Health System & National & Social Insurance Institute). The options for such studies are either in Greece or abroad. The Universities in Greece for postgraduate degrees are Dental School of Athens and Dental School of Thessaloniki. The number of admissions accepted are two to three per year per school. 38

40 IV. Report on the statistics about Medical Dentists and educational system framework in dentistry in Austria developed by ÖTZ- NLP&NLPt 1. Statistical data on medical dentists in Austria There are professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Austria. Source: data on Locations and numbers of dental practices in Austria Vienna 965 Lower Austria 603 Upper Austria 555 Styria 561 Tyrol 389 Salzburg 283 Carinthia 271 Vorarlberg 160 Burgenland 99 Total 3886 Source: 39

41 Chambers of dentists in Austria: o Burgenland o Styria o Salzburg o Lower Austria o Upper Austria o Tyrol o Vorarlberg o Vienna o Carinthia 1.2. Gender of professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Austria Among professionally active and licensed to practice medical dentists in Austria are 57,74% men and 42,26% women. Source: data on Statistical data on students and graduates in dentistry in Austria Nowadays, in Austria are approximately graduates of the old and the new stomatology curriculum. Name of University Period Number of Students Medical University of Vienna Medical University of Graz Innsbruck Medical University Sources: Medical University Vienna, Medical University Graz, Medical University Innsbruck 40

42 3. Education system on medical universities in Austria Till ca in Austria there are a regular 6 year studies on medical university, leading to an MD. Dr. med, plus two years specialisation in the university dental clinic, which gave the right to practice dentistry - FacharztfürMund und Kieferheilkunde. For 3 years it was possible for the old Zahnarzt graduates to get the Dr. med dent with an additional formal exam. Till 1975 it was possible to learn dentistry as a technical trade with a Dentist title (nowadays there are only 40 dentists practising this way) Formal rules of study Entering exam Yes. The future stomatology students are obligated to register online and take an entering exam. The exam has written form as well as manual exam to check to manual abilities. Duration of study The education takes 12 semesters, which is equivalent to 6 years. There are 3 stages during the studies: first is the period of 2 semesters, second 4 semesters and the last third stage takes 6 semesters. Final exams After passing all the exams during 12 semesters, every student must write a Dissertation (Diplomarbeit). If a dissertation is accepted, the next step is an Oral Exam in front of the commission. Obligatory practice during study Stomatology curriculum includes a lot of practice (72 weeks of practical experience must be accomplished during the third stage of studies). The practice has to be concluded in University Clinique Existing universities educating on dentistry in Austria In Vienna are 3 universities educating on dentistry: o Medical University of Vienna 41