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1 94/7/4:k,-n. u-8 * J):F ZC ** >B# 89 -C *** ( Z C 94/2/27:M- u-8 K ( 5% 6-, <z \ 6<'G l( &\ ( G d, ( K ( 5%K 6 #%G( I <'( ++ ]Q.<," %; ++ '; %;,%KFG %Kz K.%N l-,>8 - $8 cq8, #N #,~ R > ( ciw + 6( Z nl%" 6-, ]- ]!8 ( s\n - ( <'( 5% ( -, ( ++ #>' % -K8 KFG 6{@'; #*. H {@'; 6,>+ -W ]- + -R<, 7R,>+ -W HK s\kn ( K( 5% I + <% ; %U,- - ( ( + ƒk R mkq8 ( I #N%. <I+, 6{@'; P'" ( <'G 6< - rr.,< {@'K; #* 5" u.,,- <"%JW Hz.%N< R ++ ( ( I < - 5KW.N ) <-G % &-,z + -G <,K- <KJ8 ( *R,7" (,m%+, <' %* #* 5" <-G 6,jW ]L <..'I!8 : <-!" ( <-G * V! ( <L( = <7G%8< (,>+ <' #- <N 6*=, 6H <'W ( $ <X%h ow 9b 6,K>+ K-,M %K 8 *,.,!". <-G <NG ( <NH,G #%R K H,G x%"(,l&. eui 6%,L-.%N< -,8 = <L ]= 5 K,KjW 5W + *R,7" <-G,r +, 6<-G \ ]-,8, ry %.,< <= G$%8 6 G% $G =.,L&. 6<-G 6{@'; :8, 01i # *.(5(YI #I-%)5N,78 W( <@ R #L& %JW #Q& -' Elahimanesh92@yahoo.com #L& <NH,G (,>+ %JW,'+ %& Mohsen_Moradi@gmail.com M.rezaeibashir@yahoo.com 103 ***.<NH,G ( *G %JW N{N+ ';%R

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4 .K-, w,kh, 1362 m%pk,k-*8 %K" XQKN #K 6%" ]- 5 #.N,J 9-8 ( v>\8 -( % <Z;,J ]i 106 \^G )9 r(/ *)5-3-1,K@+ ( {@'K; 6&K8 ]Q8, -&8 %" 5 # 6s%P; ]- ( K+ tk-,k» :<K K HKz FP [\& m%p ( <K'( +,N ( IY (,7N - ( %N ( ( ++ tk+ K K+ <8IKY ( K %- ( <@J 7 - ( ( 'I( - ( KK %K" <K F+ %Kh ( <-!" -. - ( %N< # (,'I #%G( 6<,^ - < : <% ; ]-%U ( }FI (, ]i tk-, F' 5%,- - ( 7 ( ( ( H7 - %W - ) - #KN #,~K 7R > ( ciw, + s\n - (,+n %M IY (.«... ( m%i of'\ - cwp8 ( N,,L- - %; > 6 :<K K 6K ( QN {@'; H,G %M %" 4 # ]i,k@+ ( {@'K; 6&8,,> = QN, - 9Q&8 + <I+» cik+ #%KN K-,h K+ 5%J,^ ( 5%J 5% F+ lj, #(@ ( R (,K@+ ( {@'K; %K %+nk 5%,' ( ( > #,+ :K 5PK> ( 5%K R x% 5 J *G 6,M - ( % ciw PK K+ <8%KZ ( %KN<K H%Q 8 5 #*. ow ( <'( ;.«% %; X<M I> 7R N X<M I> 89 *)5-3-2 H,KG 6K,PK mq8 ( ( ]+ 6<,G, FQ&' ]+ ]-,8:7 :N< 9-`,N R *G + %N< "( Kb 9M 9QN - cq8, 9 6< :-,G cf^ 9b 6{@'; H,G J8, mq8 + 'M ( 9Q&8 {@'; H,G,P %8< 9M?,8 ( N

5 9KM %K7 6 ]-. cwp8 ( N, {@'; H,G J8 ex R. b 9M - 1 ;/ &" ( K+ ckq8, K+ K ]K- {@'K; H,KG J8, (,j l-,n FG ( {@'K; 6&8 ]Q8, -&8 %" 5 # %+n IY - ( ++ «... K ( ++ ( + t-,» 6# ]-.N,@+ cq8, ( #% ( ++ :-,G,, 6{@'; + ]- 9Z n f%n< x(,n ( 9K; 6b' %) ]i.n «( +» cwp8 - N, ]W <'I- * {@'K; :KQW * #N #,~ ( + > ( ciw, + <% w,p8 K ]Q <Z%P; +,N H {@'; 6<'( +,N + <* ( 6v JG(, ( <7)N ; - (,@+ 6", -P.( [Z \^G V 8@)P *)5-3-3 : ˆ,N % x% (,W 6{@'; #* K- K( 5K VK ( VK 6cKQ8, K+ %KN r - <- :V5 &d@" (_F. #% N, ( cwp8 6#N #,~ ( + <Z\N ( K(,Kj (,KL- K- %K;, > 9P8 < :zg &d@" (a.n 'N %G( F ) 6FZW ' ( cq8, 9 ] - ( s\n \^G fbc/ 9 p -4 ;/ V {@Z@ 0 9 " -4-1 ckq8, K V@K" K- H,G x%j% 5 + ]- {@'; H,G J8 l-,n,l- f(274s (KF)KN #KN #,~K K- (K' ( <QW - :) :FI8 ( > ( ciw, - H,G x%j% + ]- {@'; H,G J8 l-,n 6]-,. #N # %! % ( +< + <L - # + <I

6 s%p; ]- ]J.N #N #,~ (+) cq8, ( 9 N ' :<K,KJ 6,K@+ ( {@'K; 6&K8 ]Q8,K -&8 %" 5 #.«... #N #,~ 7R > ( ciw, +...» 6H,KG x%kj% K+ %N,W x%j% ]- HX 6{@'; H,G J8, o. <K>' {@'; #* 6%Z ]-,^ f #N #,~ ( %U > ( ciw,. cq8, 5 :FI8 6N #,~, 6]i. \^G V {@Z@ %K" 5 #K Kh.%KN< "( R, H,G + *= 6H,G x%j% 6< F+ %) {@'; #* x%j% 6,@+ ( {@'; 6&8 ]Q8, -&8.5 ( 7 ( 6 6H7 6%W 6) 6#%G( : 'IK <%K 6<'( 5% 6VX( : (,j cf) ( G%8 6s%P; ]-.K,<," %" '; ( #N 78 %&+ 9+ <% G% -,h + f,k<k,k 5%KJ,^ 5%K (,< 5%J 5% 9N ljm {@'; 6Vr K <Z; >-,&8 <F 65%J,^ 5% cwp8 ( N, +,= ( K<7) ]Q,^ R cwp8 Q 6%n >-,&8 - H %Z +.( [Z 6v JG(, 89 D fp/ K K; 6,K@+ 6",K 9Kb < :-,G ]?,'& l-,n FG.N,L- F' - H,G x%j% + ]- {@'; ( c-,\8 2 }2-4-3 sk; K' 5%PKW K ˆ%K R J8 <- f $J :-,G FG 6{@'; fk -%K; 5% - 5 s\n - ( (, 6{@'; #* '. (,j,l- - %; > of'\ % 6 x%j% 5 cwp8 6]-,.I R cq8, d>' <(* ( 108

7 ) &"" # _P/ ]~7/ \) ( :QW ( %&+ d 6%,z 65KW, fk #KN,K+` K' <K 6<-KG,.(13865s 67_ <FIK8)KN<K R HI ( <L < -( ]'I\, 6<F ) 'N t- % <-G H%7> + «,>+ %JW» % ( m'+, %M %M :FIR 6<R &- l%8 K% <-KG K 6 K, %KM.KN #,K KQ -,,&' H K<K &K K+( H,G F 7R #>' ( +,m%+, #%N K,K'7 K+) <-KG K 6,KL- f(9s aX) #,+ v-,8 ( 9-K( % QF I w (%N vz%8 «<-G j» - «H,G j» #,K" H,G F <'G +( <Z; <JF8 ( ; + <8Q ek%» :K-%<K <-KG K v-,8 6I %M.(46s Q.)%N< 6aX)«&K\< #* F # 7R F( G ( ( + <%Z : z.(11s 61382,K>+ :'IK K+,L&. 6<-G v-,8 &- <;, + <F-( ;N <-G» :I-%<,Q ]F+.#,+ K K) 6(,7KN <Kh %JW -W ( #* x%"(,l&. %z ]J 6<-KG 65W,.(24s <IW)«%8< (, s; -, KFG 6<KF ( <>IKFM KK'M- ( K# cikw, + <8) 'N t- K- ( ]-(K8 <K 6<\-K8 5%KW ( xkj( G%8 ( <NH,G 'M- Q* ( Q* I 9 +,L&. ( (,>+),m%+, #%R t- : 6<-G + J' (%I,M <j") 9IR?.N 5 9" ]-(K8 d%kn ]-,K'7 K Q ]'; :,M R x%j% ( ]M t- : ( :F ( RK, <K>)K <KNH,KG H%KF 'M- e- %j%,j ( %".(98s <L:N "(,8 6(( H%7> '),zcwz w,h 6<-G #(, 5,K'+,K 6<-KG K $!K H%K7> ( (<K &K Q* 5,'+, QF I *G %JW <Q ' VM,Z,L- 6<-G. HX <-+ Q* 9KF,K ]K 6KG ( <F Q e Z 109

8 7R,+ <'G 69F R,+ ( - Q* d(r %G% <&K\ 6<-G 6v-,8 ]-.N< Hz 9QN rr :,8 6-7 ( IK" ]-,K8:K7 *,>+ %JW ( %N< m%i %&+ t- <'G x%k <K'G 5,K'+ K#%KN 6,K>+ %KJW + ' f <-G 6#*K #, *,G j (,L&. 6,< 9b,>+,^.(123s aX),.< J >- %K (K% (!K) <-KG v-8,z (,jw 5W KM, :K ( <-G d-. 9N : <-G 6<-G H%F & ( 8 %K +,L&. (,>+,^ 6,>+,8 ( " F+ (,< <'G.,<,,< `\8 ( ) &"" -5-1 K <-G x% %8< 6<-G H%7> ( x%j% <,'I G%8 :,N,,-,N K ]8 ( LH,G nl%" ejf 6"( :))B/ ) &"" (_F.< <J8 <-G, #-. FJ d% < F+ %) ( K+ %hr 6<J8 <-G <- <-!" <-G :4' ) &"" (a <-KG K.(29s <K"),K<K,"!" 9 (,I>8 6N, % # <8%&K,Kz 6%&K+ <K %K- R,rU','& %&+ <-!" #%K" ok K&K\ (!K" <z' < # R 6!" #%" <"%JW ( %K 6:+K,KQF ( K-( 6:PK8 <-G 6"( f!" K G%8.,<,"!" 9 (,I>8 6N, % + +<. {Q <-G ) 6<-!" <-G ]Q 9 6!" 5@J',8 (? <8(>' 9QN <%" %' 6!" Q <- fn <J8.+ K+(,KG #%K ( <J8 <-G,G : ) &"" (c +& M %= ( -% <-,G <-G, #-. F <'G <-!" ( <J8 <-G J8 ' < G ( (,7N 110

9 K <K;, K=, fk *K <'+& <-G R %8< n.< <-,G <-G,^ <'+& <-G \^G DM' 9 0 ) &"" ))B/ ) &"" m@j x%"( o.. %&+ R < Hz 'I( %&+, <-G %QW, 8 + <@ %7G {J Hz,J' ( <@ G%8 + -, -,- <-G <J 5$%8 6% #, a%% - ( ;KN ( <KF,K8 ( 9KU8, < 6-G nl%" <-,R ( <m'n + ]-,ru' * {@'; #*. <" nl%".:-,.< R <, 8 l@' H 9P/ (_F KG, 6 #K7,K ]KJ8 ek> ( K+ <@ %N of,^ %&+ KFG fk-<k KJ >- :J'I,^ ( :J'I %) 6%" j( *,L- %KN okf <F; %I+ ( Hz FP [\&8 67L %N.+< 5 %; s; H+, + 6<@ s\kn {@'K; #*K s%pk;,'ik :+ 9 6,jW 5W 1367 m%p,@+ ( {@'; 6&8 ]Q8, -&8 %" 5 # 6$ K %K" *K <Kz s\n % ( N< Hz FP [\&8.%N<,G 1382 m%p }FI (, :-,G ( KJ, + %N< QNR 7R <-(>8 6%" ( ]- <G <L K %&K+ nkl%" KG, K+ K< & ( <,',L&(. K <K Z%PK; + <W f'i %;, HX <-(R: ( <L ]- <'I- : = - (,QF ]- F. R % Hz 6<-G. #,7< <I-%%" 7 6]J +,+ %'IG 'Q 6[PK\' IK tk- - nl%" :I-%< s%p; ]- "%JW <Q- %KJW K KW K G%8 - <I-%%" vj F ( N, ( 7'

10 ck'+ ekg,8 K %K" :z I" + <W fi <,N *G K K+ (<K %" ]- :,'& z' ( Q ( ( <7JM K+ nkl%" K %&+ t- <-G ]-(8.+ G%8 <I-%%" M, K- nl%" m\'. [P\8 6,<, G <%,M m\'.q N; -G H%F <R ( 9 I w,n + N % #%K".W@KZ "M $ #R,M m\' +,! # 6x@h< $ }Z ]-(K8 %' 8 N (,j W@Z G( ( [P\' 6, Q>' - nl%" <F k( I-%%".N 'N 5M +& w ( -%. <-G FKZM@ 6]%K" c-%pk8 5 + <8 ( #, #,7 ]%" ]-(8.(165s %8 <>)N R <8W@Z = %" : Q- ƒw 6< %" cg%,- <-G + R #%KW #K K K 6 %G( <L( 6 x,n : ( < LH,G?@ KLH,KG,K #(@K,K- nl%".%;< :&= <L( ]- * < :-,G 6&8 ]Q8, -&8 %" 2 # 6 ; ( ", 6&8 6{@';. #% LH,G * x(,& -,h 5 9P8 6,@+ ( {@'; =@*G 89: > \^G 8 V G (a K <K, 9K" ckf) ]K( 6%&K+ <Z%P; -*M >'. <Z%P; 7 LH,G Ÿ; 6{@'; G <J8 <-G ")V 8>@A > &.q (c,kq-( K %7& {@'; #* 6,- <J8 <-G + <F) ]%.N< <NH,G #%R F>^ (,>+ ok. fkn #K K%8< {@'; #*,>+,Q-( + ]- "( K (R ( ( <N,>+ 6<-G <NG ( <NH,G ) -' G%8 ( K> <-KG K tk- KK>Y 6<' K,Q>8 {,,>+ +( - H,G mq8,%fg, J' +,Q>8 6#(, ( Hz 112

11 ,Q-( IQN d&,- R. #N 6<F ) {, 6%N -&8 :N< {@'; #*,> @C 9 P/ 4' ) &"" IK,K>+ K #L'K <-G e' - <-!" <-G ( <-!K" K-( 6,KQF d%kw!k" #%K" K+ 5%PK 6<-!" <-G,!" 5@J' 9Z G%8 6%,L-.N< # HQW ( P8,K <-!K" R 9Q&K' %Kh K 6,K>+ KvKZ( ef+ 6,:P8 <-G 6c8,8 ]-.I IQ- 6W( x%j%!" ˆ' ( %N<.,< FZM <J8 <-G <-!" <8K - H,G <F 6<% z' ( w, G%8 ( nl%", %! + <j" 6%Z ]- 6N H,G c' 6G,z + - ]8 <K K K'; %K" K R K) (, 9 ]8 ( G (,K>+ :'IK KR+,K+ K ( H,KG x%"( 9F <M, #L +<,Kz K (,K>+ K ( <F ),-n.,ru8 <J8 <-G ]Q +,L :P8,>+ ]%",I>8 5%Z ]'M,.N 'N FZM <," <J8 <-G!8 <-!" <-G + 9 <K>)K cp cwz,m <! ]'M,-n.,rU8 (,G L97.(179s %8 K 6{@'; #* 5",- <J8 <-G + % ` - 65W ]- : [" ( #% HI,- 9-X KG%8 K <Z%P; ( <'( \ 5% -W 5",- <-G :VX(. 'M ( ( 6%&+ <Z%P; 9Z,Q-( 5K" nkl%" KG, %K K' 9,- <J8 <-G :Vr 113

12 G%8 H ( <I-%%" [$P\8 vj 6,>+ <' ( <-" k,l 6{@'; HIK ( Hz epp; "M 6<NG ( <NH,G <F ). %7& <-!" <-G ( <J8 <-G 8 ( (>8 %G( :Vbr <K ( mk ( m%+,k <K -( 6,G L97 (. #,+ cf <J8 <-KG K.K KQ 9",^,- %JW,>+ u. -% :V K <-*G ]%" ]-(8 cg% #m'n 9QN 6<,N ( <7JM,,- <J8.K #-, #-R VZ%P; ( <FM X%8 ( G l-,n G%8:+ ( s; -% <KNKG 6<';KNH,KG K) ]'M, FZM 6nL%" ]=. ]'I\ 6<KJ8 <-KG K 6( ]K- fk KG <K'G ( <( '; ( <-G K* ]-,8KR+ ( ]-,8:7 ]- (,>+ *, <' 5%ZX<F. 'M- <%" ( <F % 6,>+ * 9%8 <- <-G u. 9Q&K8 R ek K$ K <-KG K K+ <Q- VFI 6,>+ %JW, :+W,J ( %" % <-),>+ %JW, #(@ 6<-G.< <%K' IK %" # -% 6,L- <"%JW %" 6(Q* F,>+ +( tk- (,K<K 9KN *K #N 9Q&8 R,L&. ( ';% %JW + K%',KQF ]'M,K,z ) <@ m@j R,W ( >W 6H@+ %K <K-,K 6'M- %F8 <@ JM e-., < %" + (,- %JW,K>+,^ KK+( ( #K 6,L&. 6<W@Z,8 6( ]- f #. #,+ :+ \^G 9@ 9 A:' 8 " " -6 :IKJ8 <K8 ( <'8 6<FZ 6,L-Q- 7R ˆ8 ciw, %K :J'IK %KZ K # + 'I <- 6<FZ.%N< 6#K K+ %KN<K '> <- * <'8.<," :QW K'> <8K K * <8.-*M<,L- 6<FZ, #(@.,< 98 cq8,, 6%N " # :QW Q- ( + %N< 114

13 ( {@'K; 6&K8 ]Q8,K K -&K8 %K" 5 # G%8 (K>' 6R ckq8, K ( x%"( >+ 6{@'; F ciw, {@'; H,G ckq8, N 5- * #. 8 {@'; + <8%Z» :H%", # {,.% %; ]K-,'&K #K, ( "% 5P> 5 8 # N ( ow 5 8 # N,K #(@ %, ( <'( ; : 5P> ( ow 5 # 8 ( N F.«%N< H%Q R,, ( 5 J *G 6{@'; % G( - 5 R,-z ( 9G Hy%8 {@'; 9 i=» : #R %M # 1 #,P8 5K K. K8 ( cq8, N 5- * #. 8 {@'; * + <8%Z 6N 5 # 8 > N F ]- #, ( "% 5P> 5. 8 t- ( ow %K 5K K- KG( $,K #(@K %K, ( <'( ; : 5P> ( ow.«%n< H%Q R,, ( 5 J *G 6{@'; 6%K cikw {@'K; K x(,kn K» : #R * %+n %" 6 # *K #N H 9 o> + <8%Z.% %; %,J 9"W.«%N< H%Q H,G R 6#+ x(,n N H,G K-,8XK K- 9+,- e8, i= 6%+n, #(@ 6<'( \'I N,8]-. c8, + <8%Z ( <'( ; : 5P> N 7R,h:.%N< H%Q <'( ; "% 5P> 5 8 # N K K QN {@'; mq8» 6,+n %M %" 4 # h 6<K'( K; :K 5PK> 65% x% - 5,, ( 5 J *G 65 KK #,K 6#N ]8.H ( 8 5 #*. ow.«<fz 8.,q 8 " -6-1 K <KQ' %K;,KL- <-KG 6<NH,G :F :7 (' G%8 6K+<K K>'+ Q* ljm 'Nn 9b ( <,>+,G j K <K 'W f,k #,K7 *K,G j,- 6H,G FJ, +< k@8 QF ( KG #>'K K +< k@8 ( +< >'+ * <,G j 5.+,%FG Q* x%"( 6,L&.,8 ]'M, + ]i 115

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19 Judgment, No. 83, Autumn2015 Iran's criminal policy against embezzlement Mohammadreza Elahi Manesh * Mohsen Moradi Ojqaz ** Mohammad Rezaei Bashir *** Received:17/5/2015 Accepted:26/9/2015 Abstract: Governments, in order to manage society and regulating the social relations, make a large part of their capital and property and documents available to their employees. It is possible that government officials commit violations or wastage regarding government funds and property and documents that have been duly entrusted to them. In order to prevent misuse of state property and capital by state employees and ensuring the capital, the legislature sought to provide criminal protection for them. This protection is called criminal embezzlement. Embezzlement misdemeanor is state employees and other agents violating public service which is done to the property of the state and individuals. The harmful political, social and economic effects of embezzlement are no secret and cause skepticism to the government and its employees. Iranian legal system, in order to provide a reaction to the crime of embezzlement, requires a new organization that is consistent with the views of scholars of criminal policy. At present, the criminal policy against the mentioned crime is repressive and legislative policy of Iran suffers duality and sometimes criminal and judicial policies are in conflict. Prediction of severe penalties such as long-time imprisonment and even the death sentence comes from the traditional view about crime and neglecting the teachings of criminology and criminal sociology. Judges, to avoid adverse consequences of the criminal process, are hesitant to impose such severe penalties. On the other hand, not much attention is paid to the issue of crime prevention as the most effective criminal policy, to reduce the effects of violent criminal policies that are currently faced with serious challenges. Key word: embezzlement, criminal policy, prevention. * Assistant Professor of Law Faculty at North Tehran Islamic Azad University. Elahimanesh92@yahoo.com ** Ph.d student of Criminal Law and Criminology at Allameh Tabatabai University. Mohsen_Moradi@gmail.com. *** M.A. in Criminal Law and Criminology. M.rezaeibashir@yahoo.com E