dla czlonków klasy Polish 330 na BYU z Panią Profesor Kaliszewską krótki przegląd: język polski

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1 dla czlonków klasy Polish 330 na BYU z Panią Profesor Kaliszewską krótki przegląd: język polski

2 co to jest? A quick explanation of grammar It difficult grammar without follow what to said be to be. Grammar is the way a language is organized If words are the meat then grammar is the frying pan that keeps it all inside. And if all the world is a stage, then every sentence definitely is. Please meet the setence s star actors. The actors (parts) of speech The noun person, place or thing. It can act as the subject, object, indirect object, or object of a preposition. The verb the action word. Its only role is to say what s being done. The adjective describes the noun. Just a tag-along which can hook onto any noun and match up with it in the noun s role. The pronoun stands in for noun. (John went outside. He saw rain.) The preposition helpful little words that describe location or relationship. (The next house is on the hill.) The actors in their roles verb Peter gave Agnes a small card. She read it eagerly. verb adverb noun as subject noun indirect object pronoun as subject pronoun as object noun and adjective as object Subjects the subject is the role for the noun who is doing the action. To find it just find the verb and ask, who is doing this verb? Objects the objects are the nouns being directly acted upon. Find them by finding the verb and asking, who or what was acted upon by the verb. Indirect objects words in this role receive the object done by the main verb. (Peter gave Mary a ring.) Let the show begin Why do some people hate grammar? It s just trying to help. Look for the cool parts of grammar, and soon you might find your relationship improving. In the following pages you ll find a basic review of Polish s main grammar tools. To study this material use this top secret, 100% successful method: (1) Write down the concept in your own words so that you really get the idea behind it; then (2) work through examples on paper until you can do it pretty well; (3) next move into working examples in your head, speaking aloud to yourself or another person, and (4) begin to implement the concept in your everyday SYL. Remember Polish is mastered one step at a time. Spend an hour/day/week on each principle. Enjoy!

3 czasownik There are three main types of verbs It s important to first master the pattern, eventually you won t need it. Type Ⅰ ać 1 2 Drop ć Add new ending np: czekać= ja czekam, ty czekasz..., oni czekają Type Ⅱ ić, yć, or eć Drop full ending (yć etc.) for 1st person singular and 3rd person plural Drop ć only on all others Soften last cosonant if not already soft* Add new endings** np: robić= robię, robisz, robi...,robią -m -my -sz -cie - -ją np: myśleć= myślę, myślisz, myśli...myśłą -m -my -sz -cie - -ją *Change si to sz in 1st-person singular and 3rd-person plural in verbs like prosić **In verbs ending in eć, if the last cosonant is an rz, ź, cz or sz the the e is replaced iwth a y. If the last cosonant is something else the e is replaced with an i. Type Ⅲ (a) ować, ywać (b) pić, bić, żyć, etc. 1 2 Drop (a) ować, ywać or (b) ć Add (a) new ending with u (b) add new ending without u np: odpokutować= ja odpokutuję...,oni odpokutują np: żyć= ja żyję...,oni żyją -uję -ujemy -ujesz -ujecie -uje -ują The other types There exist many other verb families including -ąć, -ieć, -awać and many more. Exceptions also exist in abundance as do irregular, stand-alone verbs. Check out 301 Verbs to learn the weird ones.

4 Verb essentials: Two for the price of one Polish verbs come in sets of two: aspekt niedokanany and aspect dokonany. Their meanings slightly differ. Imperfective (niedokanany) verbs describe actions which are still in progress, extending over a period of time, or habitual. Perfective (dokonany) verbs on the other hand describe finished or one-time actions. (Learn more about verb aspects in Dana Bielec.) Prefixes Perfective verbs sometimes look like imperfective verbs with an additional prefix in front (czytać/przeczytać). But when it comes to Polish verbs, prefixes do a lot more than signify whether something is perfective or imperfective. By adding a prefix to a verb one can give the old verb an added shade of meaning. np: przez (through) +iść (walk) = przejść (cross). Sometimes adding a prefix changes the words meaning entirely. np: na (on) + mówić (talk) = namówić (persuade) Lista prefiksów* do - to, toward na- on, upon, in, or completing nad - above, near o-,ob/e/ - of, about, around o-od/e/ - away, from, back, off po - over, through, after or doing for a time pod - under, below; up to, toward prze/d/ - in front of, before prze/z/- through, across, over przy - at, near, close to, by roz/e/ - dis-, un-, or enlarging u - off; on w/e/- in ws - up wy - out za - behind or completing *See 301 Verbs page xli and Dana Bielec page 74 for more examples of prefixes combined with verbs The secrets of motion verbs Polish motion verbs, however, threw out the traditional rules of regular imperfective/ perfective and wrote new ones. Motion verbs are divided into aspekt nieokreśłony (indeterminate) and askpet określony (determinate). Additionally, each determinante motion verb has its own perfective sidekick. Here are the main motion verbs: Indeterminate Determinate Determinate s Perfective chodzić iść pójść go on foot habitual action, back-and-forth specific action in progress, one-way Indeterminate Determinate Determinate s Perfective jeżdzić jechać pojechać go by vehicle latać lecieć polecieć fly, rush pływać płynąć popłynąć swim, sail nosić nieść zanieść carry, wear wodzić wieść powieść lead, conduct wozić wieżć powieżć transport

5 Some more new words Prefixes can be combined with motion verbs as well to produce entirely new words. When you place a prefix in front of a indeterminate motion verb it becomes a regular imperfective verb. Likewise, when a determinante motion verb gets a prefix it becomes a perfective verb. Imperfective/Perfective dochodzić/dojść - go as far as, reach, attain dojeżdżać/dojechać- arrive at, commute nadchodzić/nadejść - approach, come, arrive obchodzić/obejść - to walk around, go around przynosić/przynieść - to bring, fetch przychodzić/przyjść - to come, arrive / on foot/ schodzić/zejść - to go down, descend uchodzić/ujść - to escape wchodzić/wejść - to ascend, enter in wnosić/wnieść - to bring, contribute wychodzić/wyjść - to go out, come out on foot Past, Present, and Future There are essentially five Polish tenses. (There are actually only three but because both past and present have an imperfective and perfective version, there are basically five.) przeczytałem czytałem czytam będę czytać przeczytam Perfective past Imperfective Past Present Imperfective Future Perfective Future I read it. (finished) I was reading. I read I am reading I will be reading I will read it (specific) I have been and still am reading Past tense Both perfective and imperfective past tenses are easy. 1 Just drop the ć at the end of the verb 2 And then add the new ending Present and perfective future Both present and the perfective future tenses are made by simply conjugating the verb in present tense. Imperfective verbs at present tense=present tense. Perfective verbs at present tense=perfective future. -łem/ -łam -łeś/ -łaś -ł/ -ła/ -ło -liśmy/ -łyśmy -liście/ -łyście -li/ -ły Imperfective future Imperfective future tense is made by combining the future form of the to be verb (być) with either an infinitive verb OR a verb in past tense 3rd-person, matching the subject in both number and gender. 1 2 będę będziemy czytać (or) czytał będziesz będzie będziecie będą +

6 rzeczownik i przymiotnik The properties of a Polish noun Polish nouns come in four genders: Masculine Personal, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. You can identify a noun s gender based on its last letter. Nouns that end in a or ość are Feminine. Nouns that end in o, e, ę, and um are Neuter. Masculine nouns end in consonants. Masculine Personal nouns also end in cosonants and must be living things. Adjectives, on the other hand, do not have inherent gender. They match whatever noun they re describing. Why cases? Polish has cases because it has cases. Well that s the main reason. A secondary reason is because Polish word order is less rigid than it is in English. Cases provide a way of tagging a word to show which function it performs in a sentence. All said, it s a beautiful system. To relate this system to our earlier theater analogy, a noun, pronoun, or adjective takes on a case ending the same way an actor puts on a costume. An actor s costume informs everyone which role he is playing in the show. Swoim Duchem, Bóg pomógł matce Stefana Narzędnik Mianownik Celownik Dopełniacz by czuła w sercu że On ją kocha. Miejscownik Mianownik Biernik The famous MTC Case Chart. Seeing it all at once can be intimidating, but it is completely manageble when bitten off piece by piece.

7 The reasons why The role a word plays in the sentence is the main determiner of case. But certain verbs, prepositions, and other grammar stuff also affect case. The cross symbol ( ) means to check out the appendix. By each case you ll find a worksheet space to fill in the endings and rules for yourself. Create your own case map in the way that best helps you remember the rules. (The first one is done for you.) Mianownik The base case All Polish words are inherently Mianownik. It s the case all words are in before they re in a case. So when you pick up a dictionary expect to find words in their base i.e. Mianownik form. Use Mianownik for the subject of each verb. Also use Mianownik for all To jest... statements. No decision notes needed because Mianownik singular endings are inherent. Dopełniacz The case of all cases Dopełniacz is used for possesive statements (e.g. Santa s sleigh or the Sleigh of Santa). But it is also used for negated direct objects (e.g. I don t have time). Additionally, Dopełniacz comes in whenever you use a quantifier (e.g. a lot of something) or a number over five. Finally, certain verbs and preps are specifically Dopełniacz makers. Possesive statements Negated direct objects Quantifiers Numbers over five Dopełniacz verbs Dopełniacz preps a MP M F N adj liczba pojedyncza noun adj liczba mnoga noun y, i y, i consonant consonant *y, *i e *y, *i, owie, e y, e, i a a, ość e y, e, i e e, ię, o um e See appendix for list of MP nouns that take -owie MP M F N Soften final consonant. Then if h.s. y and if soft i adj liczba pojedyncza noun if soft and h.s. e if noun of distinction owie if hard soften, then if h.s. y and if soft i a if hard y if soft and h.s. e if k or g i adj liczba mnoga noun Celownik The give me an Emu case Celownik is the case you use when referring to an indirect object or talking about something happening to someone. You also use it with certain verbs and preps. Indirect objects MP M F N adj liczba pojedyncza noun See appendix for list of common nouns that take u adj liczba mnoga noun

8 Biernik The direct object case Most direct objects go into Biernik. If you are using a verb and don t recognize it as specifically a verb from another case, chances are it s a run-of-the-mill Biernik verb. The direct objects of most verbs Biernik preps Narzędnik Is the by-the-means of and renaming case Narzędnik is most commonly used with the age-old być sandwich. That s right, when you have a noun, a to be word (być), and then another noun, one half of the sandwich will be in Narzędnik. This principle is the renaming principle. (np: Polska jest pięknym krajem.) People also make-by-the-means statements by the means of Narzędnik. (np: ja studiuję całym sercem.) And of course it s also used for certain verbs and certain preps. By-the-means of statements Renaming principle (być sandwich) Narzędnik verbs Narzędnik preps MP M F N MP M F N adj liczba pojedyncza noun adj liczba pojedyncza noun adj liczba mnoga noun adj liczba mnoga noun Miejscownik The place case There is only one reason for using Miejscownik: Miejscownik preps. These preps (na, przy, o, w, po) deal with location and topic. Miejscownik preps MP M F N adj liczba pojedyncza noun adj liczba mnoga noun

9 liczebnik There are two types of basic numbers Cardinal zero jeden, jedna, jedno dwa, dwie, dwa trzy cztery pięć sześć siedem osiem dziewięć dziesięć jedenaście dwanaście trzynaście czternaście piętnaście szesnaście siedemnaście osiemnaście dziewiętnaście dwadzieścia dwadzieścia jeden etc. trzydzieści czterdzieści pięćdziesiąt sześćdziesiąt siedemdziesiąt osiemdziesiąt dziewięćdziesiąt sto sto jeden etc. dwieście trzysta czterysta pięćset sześćset osiemset dziewięćset tysiąc dziesięć tysięcy sto tysięcy milion Ordinal pierwszy, pierwsza, pierwsze drugi, druga, drugie trzeci, trzecia, trzecie czwarty, -a, -e piąty, etc. szósty siódmy ósmy dziewiąty dziesiąty jedenasty dwunasty trzynasty czternasty piętnasy szesnasty siedemnasty osiemnasty dziewiętnasty dwudziesty dwudziesty pierwszy etc. trzydziesty czterdziesty pięćdziesiąty sześćdziesiąty siedemdziesiąty osiemdziesiąty dzięwięćdziesiąty setny sto pierwszy etc. dwusetny trzechsetny czterechsetny pięćsetny siedemsetny osiemsetny dziewięćsetny tysięczny dziesięciotysięczny stutysięczny milionowy

10 Cardinal numbers decline just like adjectives Fill in the rest of the declensions for these basic numbers. mian jeden jeden jedna jedno mian dwaj dwa dwie dwa mian trzej trzy trzy trzy mian czterej cztery cztery cztery miej miej miej miej narz narz narz narz bier bier bier bier cel cel cel cel dop dop dop dop Some examples of how these are used Jeden Pan Widzę jedną panią Dwaj panowie czekają/dwóch panów czeka Przyjechali dwaj lekarze/przyjechało dwóch lekarzy Dwie dziewczyny siedziały na ławce. Trzej panowie czekają/trzech panów czeka. Trzy dziewczyny pojechały do Polski. Cztery okna pozostały zamknięte. Czterej Prezydenci czekają/czterech Prezydentów czeka

11 Five and up are easier Starting at 5, the declension becomes simpler. Mianownik and Biernik Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter do not decline. Everything declines identically. narz bier cel dop mian pięciu pięć pięć pięć pięciu pięciu pięciu pięć pięć pięć pięciu (or) pięcioma 6-19 declined forms sześciu siedmiu ośmiu dziewięciu dziesięciu jedenastu dwunastu trzynastu czternastu piętnastu szesnastu siedemnastu osiemnastu dzięwiętnastu declined forms dwudziestu trzydziestu czterdziestu pięćdziesięciu sześćdziesięciu siedemdziesięciu osiemdziesięciu dziewięćdziesięciu stu dwustu trzystu czterystu pięciuset sześciuset siedmiuset ośmiuset dziwięciuset pięciu miej Numbers five and up in practice Numbers five and up are necessarily treated as quantities. Therefore in Mianownik, Biernik, and Dopełniacz cases they are followed by a Dopełniacz noun and described with a singular verb. Pięć kobiet idzie na film. Pięciu panów pojechało na rynek. Dzięsięć osób bardzo się ucieszyło że byli na obejrzeniu filmu Pana Tadeusza.

12 jak się mówi? często popełniane błędy Imperfective/Perfective Beginning speakers often use the imperfective and perfective interchangably--but watch out, because each carries a different meaning. The sentence Ja jadłem obiad wczoraj leaves the listener wondering if you re still at it. To say that you actually finished your lunch use the perfective zjeść: Ja zjadłem obiad wczoraj. Bad przykład: Czy czytałeś rozdział 8? (Were you reading chapter 8?) Good przykład: Czy przeczytałeś rozdział 8? (Did you read (finish) chapter 8?) Obviously there are many times to use imperfective. Fo instance if you re telling a story and want to talk about an action that was ongoing in the past say, Spokojnie jadłem obiad i czytałem sobie rozdział 8, kiedy nagle zostałem zaatakowany przez bandytów. That said, many more of us make the mistake of frequently overusing the imperfective as shown above. Using the perfective appropriately will help your Polish immensely. Polite commands Sometimes we make huge grzeczność errors by not using the polite command form. It turns out asking someone you don t know to poczekaj can be rude. So soften your commands by always adding proszę. To soften commands further use the infinitive form of the verb: Proszę poczekać. An alternative way to make something polite is to use the niech form as in Niech Pan poczeka. This too can benefit from a proszę: Proszę niech Pan poczeka. Pan/Pani Remember, although it usually doesn t apply with young people, most old Poles really would be surprised if you referred to them on the ty. Make sure you re using Pan/Pani and the requisite titles Szanowny dyrektor or Szanowna Pani Profesor when you talk to people (most often in Wołacz when you re speaking to them in person). Once you understand how much older Poles expect to be treated with respect by younger people, then you will be able to make calls about when it s better to talk to someone on the ty. We speak to everyone in their own language--which includes the level of formality they need. Niż vs. od Niż can do more than od. Od works great when you are comparing simple nouns. On jest starszy ode mnie. But if you re venturing a longer comparison you may need to use niz, as in, Jego wzrost był wyższy niż przewidywali jego rodzice. Nie wiem czy jeśli ma sens Sometimes begining speakers say jeśłi or jeżeli when czy makes more sense. Don t say, Nie wiem jeżeli to ma sens. Use czy--it s a great little word, Nie wiem czy wiedziałeś. polski

13 jak się mówi? Don t end tutaj It sounds strange to Polish ears to hear a sentence end with the word tutaj. Instead of saying things like Miło was widzieć w ten śliczny poranek tutaj, say things like, Miło Was tu widzieć w ten piękny poranek. Przywilej vs. zaszczyt Poles use these words slightly differently. Zaszczyt is more along the lines of it s an honor whereas przywilej fits in more with privilege. Know when to use each one because they re often confused. Dates Dates and times need to be in Dopełniacz unless a preposition puts them in another case (i.e. Miejscownik: w roku 1820). Spend some time in the Dana Bielec numbers chapter to really understand how dates work. Cieszę się że Ty się cieszysz It s incorrect to say Cieszę się tu widzieć Cię. You should say, Cieszę się tu widząc Cię. Or, Cieszę się że tu Cię widzę. Also if you want to add time onto this it should not go at the end. Time is in the middle. Cieszę się że dziś rano Was widzę. Don t overuse passive voice Passive voice is used much less frequently in Polish than it is used in English. Instead of saying things like jeśteśmy nauczani it s better to say [ktoś] nas uczy. In the Church we often say things like byliśmy błogosławieni but be aware that Poles will more often say, Bóg nas błogosławił. The Polish Comma Commas in Polish (przecinki) are placed before który, aż, and że. They are never placed before i (and) as we do in English when we make lists. Helpful words to know actually there are many ways to say this, depending on context. Akurat however usually always the right answer. It s more along the lines of precisely. Rzeczywiście, faktycznie, w rzeczywistości, tak naprawdę or naprawdę are some good options. recently ostatnio, niedawno. Also sometimes Americans say last time weirdly. Ostatnim razem byliśmy w kościele... is OK in some contexts but a better option for frequent use is Ostatnio jak byliśmy w kościele... responsibility this is word has a few different translations in Polish. If you want to express the character trait use odpowiedzialność. That word, however, does not work when you want to express a particular assignment. To say, It is my responsibility to care for the goats, use words like obowiązek powinność, zadanie. polski

14 jak to jest? dodatek polski

15 jak się utrzymuje utrzymywania języka po misji To nasze wybory ukazują, kim naprawdę jesteśmy, o wiele bardziej niż nasze zdolności. - Albus Dumbledore It depends on you If you would like to keep up your Polish after your mission, you can. If you use it, you won t lose it. However, keep in mind that the opposite is true: Don t be surprised when words and grammar concepts start slipping away when you don t make an effort to maintain them. Set a goal The same principles of language learning apply after your mission. Review Preach My Gospel Chapter 7 to keep the basic principles of language learning in your mind. Setting goals will enable you to stay consistent when you don t feel like it. Implementing the same sort of study that helped you learn Polish can help you keep it. Reading the Book of Mormon, Preach My Gospel, and other Church materials is a powerful way to maintain your language. So set a goal today, and stick with it. A daily Polish habit could change your life. Make a plan If you don t plan, you plan to fail. Chapter 7 teaches how to create a Language Study Plan. Why not make a simple plan that will carry you through the next stage of your life? I love technology Keeping your language is 1000x more fun thanks to the Internet. Audiobooki.pl has some Polish audiobooks available for purchase. Gazeta Wyborcza and Polskie Radio have good smartphone apps. Skype and Google Voice Nothing replaces actual speaking and listening. If you don t have Poles next-door, Skype can help you maintain contact. With Google Voice you can call to any domofon in Poland for 2 cents/minute and any cell phone for 10 cents/minute. Talking is an indespensible part of any language plan. More importantly, a phone call can mean the world to your friends in Poland. polski