Vol. 20, nr 49 INDEX COPERNICUS

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1 Vol. 20, nr 49 INDEX COPERNICUS CRACOW WROCLAW 2010

2 ISSN COMMITTEE FOR REHABILITATION, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIEN CES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SPORT KINETICS IASK AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA Vol. 20, nr 49 INDEX COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CRACOW, POLAND UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN WROCLAW, POLAND CRACOW WROCLAW 2010

3 KOMITET REHABILITACJI, KULTURY FIZYCZNEJ I INTEGRACJI SPOŁECZNEJ PAN ISSN MIĘDZYNARODOWE STOWARZYSZENIE MOTORYKI SPOR TO WEJ IASK AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA Vol. 20, nr 49 INDEX COPERNICUS AKADEMIA WYCHOWANIA FI ZYCZ NE GO IM. BRO NI SŁA WA CZECHA W KRA KO WIE AKADEMIA WYCHOWANIA FI ZYCZ NE GO WE WROCŁAWIU KRAKÓW WROCŁAW 2010

4 ANTROPOMOTORYKA ISSN COMMITTEE FOR REHABILITATION, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SPORT KINETICS IASK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, CRACOW, POLAND UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN WROCLAW, POLAND VOL. 20, NR 49 CRACOW WROCLAW 2010 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN Edward Mleczko V-CHAIRMAN Zofia Ignasiak MEMBERS Jan Chmura, Jerzy Januszewski, Andrzej Klimek, Tadeusz Koszczyc, Lesław Kulmatycki, Wiesław Osiński, Joachim Raczek, Teresa Sławińska-Ochla, Włodzimierz Starosta EDITORIAL BOARD Michal Belej (Slovakia), Peter Blaser (Germany), Tadeusz Bober, Janusz Czerwiński, Sławomir Drozdowski, Józef Drabik, Joanna Gradek, Peter Hirtz (Germany), Josif Moisiejewicz Fejgenberg (Israel), Adam Haleczko, Andrzej Jopkiewicz, Han C.G. Kemper (Holland), Krzysztof Klukowski, Vladimir Lyakh (Russia), Robert M. Malina (USA), Wacław Petryński, Ryszard Przewęda, Igor Ryguła, Stanisław Sterkowicz, Stanisław Żak EDITOR S OFFICE al. Jana Pawła II Kraków Poland Indexed in INDEX COPERNICUS Copy-editing and proofreading Barbara Przybyło Copyright by University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland Design and DTP: University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland Print: Drukarnia Cyfrowa KSERKOP, Kraków, ul. Mazowiecka 60

5 ANTROPOMOTORYKA ISSN KOMITET REHABILITACJI, KULTURY FI ZYCZ NEJ I INTEGRACJI SPOŁECZNEJ PAN MIĘ DZY NA RO DO WE STO WA RZY SZE NIE MOTORYKI SPORTOWEJ IASK AKADEMIA WY CHO WA NIA FI ZYCZ NE GO IM. BRONISŁAWA CZE CHA W KRA KO WIE AKADEMIA WYCHOWANIA FIZYCZNEGO WE WROCŁAWIU VOL. 20, NR 49 KRAKÓW WROCŁAW 2010 REDAKCJA Redaktor Naczelny Edward Mleczko Z-ca Redaktora Na czel ne go Zofia Ignasiak Komitet Redakcyjny Jan Chmura, Jerzy Januszewski, Andrzej Klimek, Tadeusz Koszczyc, Lesław Kulmatycki, Wiesław Osiński, Joachim Raczek, Teresa Sławińska-Ochla, Włodzimierz Starosta RADA REDAKCYJNA Michal Belej (Słowacja), Peter Blaser (Niemcy), Tadeusz Bober, Janusz Czerwiński, Sławomir Drozdowski, Józef Drabik, Joanna Gradek, Peter Hirtz (Niemcy), Josif Moisiejewicz Fejgenberg (Izrael), Adam Haleczko, Andrzej Jopkiewicz, Han C.G. Kemper (Holandia), Krzysztof Klukowski, Vladimir Lyakh (Rosja), Robert M. Malina (USA), Wacław Petryński, Ryszard Przewęda, Igor Ryguła, Stanisław Sterkowicz, Stanisław Żak ADRES REDAKCJI al. Jana Pawła II Kraków Poland Czasopismo ANTROPOMOTORYKA jest umieszczone na liście rankingowej INDEX COPERNICUS Adiustacja i korekta Barbara Przybyło Copyright by University School of Physical Education in Cracow Opracowanie gra ficz ne i łamanie: Sekcja Koordynacji Projektów Wydawniczych AWF Kraków Druk: Drukarnia Cyfrowa KSERKOP, Kraków, ul. Mazowiecka 60

6 NR 49 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2010 CONTENTS From Editors: In the year 2010 subsequent issue of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology in English 7 Information for the Authors 9 DISSERTATIONS AND ARTICLES Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh, Abdul Hammid Habibi, Mohammed Reza Zadkarami, Mehdi Bustani, Maryam Mohammadi The effect of an anaerobic test on lung indices in some elite basketball players 15 Bojan Jošt, Janez Pustovrh, Janez Vodičar Philosophy of expert modelling of sport performance of high level athletes 23 Ryszard Litkowycz, Kajetan Słomka, Monika Grygorowicz, Henryk Król The influence of plyometrics training on the maximal power of the lower limbs in basketball players aged Ireneusz Cichy, Andrzej Rokita, Marek Popowczak, Karolina Naglak Psychomotor development of grade in primary school children who are educated by means of traditional and non-traditional program 45 Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski Motor fitness and coordination abilities vs. effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball 57 Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato The calorific cost of young women s leisure activity 69 Bartłomiej Sokołowski, Maria Chrzanowska Changes in somatic and motor development in children and adolescents in the years and in Wanda Pilch, Łukasz Tota, Szczepan Wiecha, Dorota Ambroży A simple method of assessment of energy expenditure of low-impact aerobic exercises 89 REVIEW PAPERS Włodzimierz Starosta The muscle relaxation ability and results in sport of world elite competitors 99 DISCUSSIONS Wacław Petryński, Mirosław Szyndera Time perception and motor behaviour of living beings 119 ANNOUNCEMENTS The International Forum Health and Longevity in Kielce, Poland 131 Competition of research papers on physical education teaching for Prof. Czabański s Award 132 5

7 NR 49 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2010 SPIS TREŚCI Od Redakcji: W roku 2010 kolejny numer czasopisma Antropomotoryka po angielsku 7 Informacje dla Autorów 11 ROZPRAWY I ARTYKUŁY Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh, Abdul Hammid Habibi, Mohammed Reza Zadkarami, Mehdi Bustani, Maryam Mohammadi Wpływ testu wydolności beztlenowej RAST na wskaźniki czynności płuc u koszykarzy wysokiego wyczynu 15 Bojan Jošt, Janez Pustovrh, Janez Vodičar Filozofia eksperckiego modelowania występu sportowego wysokiego wyczynu 23 Ryszard Litkowycz, Kajetan Słomka, Monika Grygorowicz, Henryk Król Wpływ treningu plajometrycznego na poprawę poziomu siły eksplozywnej kończyn dolnych u koszykarzy w wieku lat 33 Ireneusz Cichy, Andrzej Rokita, Marek Popowczak, Karolina Naglak Rozwój psychomotoryczny uczniów pierwszej klasy szkoły podstawowej edukowanych programem tradycyjnym i nietradycyjnym 45 Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski Sprawność motoryczna i zdolności koordynacyjne a skuteczność gry w siatkówce na siedząco 57 Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato Koszt kaloryczny aktywności wolnoczasowej młodych kobiet 69 Bartłomiej Sokołowski, Maria Chrzanowska Zmiany w rozwoju somatycznym i motorycznym u dzieci i młodzieży w latach i w roku Wanda Pilch, Łukasz Tota, Szczepan Wiecha, Dorota Ambroży Prosta ocena wydatku energetycznego aerobiku typu low-impact 89 PRACE PRZEGLĄDOWE Włodzimierz Starosta Zdolność rozluźniania mięśni a wyniki sportowe zawodników światowej elity 99 POLEMIKI I DYSKUSJE Wacław Petryński, Mirosław Szyndera Postrzeganie czasu a zachowanie ruchowe istot żywych 119 INFORMACJE Międzynarodowe Forum Zdrowie i długowieczność, Kielce, maja Konkurs publikacji naukowych z zakresu dydaktyki wychowania fizycznego o Nagrodę Profesora Bogdana Czabańskiego 132 6

8 NR 49 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2010 FROM EDITORS OD REDAKCJI IN THE YEAR 2010 SUBSEQUENT ISSUE OF ANTROPOMOTORYKA KINESIOLOGY IN ENGLISH W ROKU 2010 KOLEJNY NUMER CZASOPISMA ANTROPOMOTORYKA KINESIOLOGY PO ANGIELSKU In your hands, you have the forty-ninth issue of our journal, the second one made up of English-written texts. That is due to the terms of editorial contract, under which English and Polish issues of the quarterly should appear alternately. The fiftieth, jubilee, issue of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology is going to appear in Polish. The problem that should be rethought currently by the Editorial Committee is the way of delivery our journal to the readership. Until now, subsequent issues of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology have been published in the traditional way as printed brochures. Nowadays, when academic audience raises more and more boldly the need for e-periodicals, electronic version of our Cracow-Wroclaw quarterly is taken into consideration. We believe that the readers need will be met soon. With the opening of the editorial year 2010, we would like to encourage the readers to study every section of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology paragraph after paragraph, page after page. Among the authors you can find the representatives of academic institutions from home and abroad (e.g. from Slovenia and Iran). Current issue of our journal is devoted mainly to biological and environmental determinants of sport motoricity. First of all we would like to focus the readers attention on three papers: The effect of an anaerobic test on lung indices in some elite basketball players, a study written by a team of Iranian authors; The influence of plyometrics training on the maximal power of the lower limbs in basketball players aged (by Ryszard Litkowycz, Kajetan Słomka, Monika Grygorowicz and Henryk Król); Motor fitness and coordination abilities vs. effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball (by Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski). Then we suggest concentrating on the findings of Philosophy of expert modelling of sport performance of high level athletes. The authors, Slovenian reaserchers: Bojan Jošt, Janez Pustovrh and Janez Vodičar opt for putting into sport practice their own method for improving organizational culture and training procedures. Similar method, AHP, is still in its early stages of implementation to the realities of Polish research work and sporting activities. After that, the accent should be put on papers familiarizing the audience with the results of pedagogical experiments. Ireneusz Cichy, Andrzej Rokita, Marek Popowczak and Karolina Naglak in the text Psychomotor development of grade in primary school children who are educated by means of traditional and non-traditional program present the results of researches confirming the impact of innovative techniques of working on the psychomotor development of children at early school age. Also in this issue, two teams of scientists from different university centers focus the reader s attention on similar aspects of recreational training for young women in both cases rather ineffective. In turn, we have the paper by Maria Chrzanowska and Bartłomiej Sokołowski, a team of Cracovian re- 7

9 From Editors searchers, who have centered their interest upon the field of intergenerational changes in motor and somatic development of Cracow children and adolescents. In the study entitled Changes in somatic and motor development in children and adolescents in the years and in 2000 the authors hold the readers interest in a tendency to achieve higher indexes of morphological development accompanied by lower motor abilities. This issue of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology brings also a review paper by Włodzimierz Starosta: The muscle relaxation ability and results in sport of world elite competitors, outlining the problem on the background of literature survey. Wacław Petryński and Mirosław Szyndera close the issue with the study Time perception and motor behaviour of living beings in which they discuss influence of time perception development on behaviour control in living beings, including humans. What else can I add as an editor-in-chief to this introductory note? Let me wish you satisfaction with reading current issue of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology and express my gratitude to all those who contributed to publish it. All is well that begins well in the year Edward Mleczko Editor-in-Chief of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology 8

10 NR 49 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2010 INFORMATION FOR THE AUTHORS 1. Kinesiology ( Antropomotoryka ) is an official scientific quarterly of the International Association of Sport Kinetics IASK, pub lished at the University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland under the auspices of the Committee Rehabilitation, Physical Education and Social Integration the Polish Acad emy of Sciences. The magazine presents the results of original re search work and experiments in the field of human mo to r icity and re lated sciences. It also publishes review ar ticles, opinion ar ticles and discussion of scientists evalu ating the current situation and perspectives of sci en tific de vel opment of human motoricity. 2. Materials for publication (two copies of computer print outs) should be sent together with the floppy disk at the following address: Redakcja Antro po mo to ryki, Aka demia Wychowania Fizycznego, al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kraków, tel , tel/fax , antropomotoryka@awf.krakow.pl. 3. General conditions: Upon submitting a paper to be published the Author (Authors) trans fers copyright to the Publishing House of the Antropomotoryka. The works qualified for pub li cation become therefore the prop erty of the Publishing House of the Antro po mo to ryka and cannot be published in extenso or in fragments in other pe ri odi cals or other media without the written per mission of the Publisher. The work submitted for publication in the Antro po mo to ryka cannot be submitted for pub li cation ear lier on or simultaneously in any other pe ri odical. The Author is required to make a written statement to this effect. If the work in cludes any figures, tables, etc. which have al ready been published elsewhere, the Author is obliged to obtain a written permission for re printing. Antropomotoryka accepts demonstrative, origi nal, experimental, and historical papers, in for mation about conferences, reports from con gresses and con ferences on human motoricity, short summa ries of works published in foreign pe ri odi cals and book re views on human motoricity. Origi nal works are accepted in En glish. The works of particular sci en tific value sub mitted and accepted for pub li cation earlier on in a for eign sci entific periodical can also be submitted for publication in the Antro po mo to ryka, however, on condition that the Author ob tains a permission from the publisher of the pe ri odical. All papers should be no longer than 22 pages with 1800 letters per page (i.e. 30 lines 60 points each). They should be in double-spaced or 1,5 spaced typewriting on one side of the paper only. 4. Rules of constructing the work: The accompanying letter should contain both home and office addresses and the information at which address to send the correspondence. Empirical works should contain the following in for mation: title, name(s) of the author(s), key words in Polish and in English, brief summary in Polish, summary in English (as mentioned above), in tro duction, ma terial, methods, results and dis cussion, con clusions and bib li og ra phy. The number of key words should be from 3 to 15. The summary has to contain: the purpose of the work, material, methods, results and con clusions. The fi rst page should contain the information in the following order: title, name(s) of the author(s), scientific degree(s) of the author(s) and the pro fessional affiliation, including the address, key words, brief summary in Polish and in English. The summary should not contain less than 200 and to more than 250 words. The reference materials should be listed on a sepa rate sheet of paper. Only the aterials the Author refers to in the text may be included. They should be num bered using Arabic numerals and placed in the order they are quoted in the work (not in the alphabetic order). Each item of the reference materials should be written in a new verse. The surname(s) of the author(s) of the quoted work should be followed by the initials of their first name(s), then the original title of the maga zine where the work was published should be given. The abbre viation of the title of a magazine should be taken from the Index Medicus (or In ter na tional Committee of Medical Journal Editors: Uni form Re quirements for manu scripts submitted in bio medical jour nals. N Engl J Med 1997; 336, ). 9

11 Information for the Authors Examples: a) works printed in magazines: Casella R, Bubendorf L, Sauter G, Moch H, Michatsch MJ, Gasser TC: Focal neuroendocrine differentiation lacks prognostics sig nifi cance in prostate core needle biopsies. J Urol, 1998; 160: b) monographs: Matthews DE, Farewell VT: Using and Un derstanding Medical Statistics, ed 3, re vised. Basel, Karger, c) chapters in textbooks: Parren PWHI, Burton DR: Antibodies against HIV-1 from phage display libraries; Mapping of an immune response and progress towards antiviral immunotherapy; in Capra JD (ed): An ti body Engineering, Chem. Immunol. Basel, Karger, 1997, 65: Kokot F: Fizjologia nerek; (w:) Zieliński J, Leńko J (eds): Urologia, War sza wa, PZWL, 1992, 1: All the illustrations have to be of high quality. Graphic material should be submitted on white sheets of pa per. Copies of photographs and pho to graphs should be submitted on glossy paper. The con secutive num ber of the photograph should be written with a soft pencil on the back side of each photograph as well as an arrow marking its top edge. Only black and white pictures are printed. Scales and pictures should be placed on separate pages and numbered with Arabic numerals. The headings, descriptions and suscriptions under the pictures and above the scales should be written in Polish and English. Example in Polish: Tabela 1., Ryc. 1., Objaśnienia, Chłopcy Example in English: Table 1., Fig. 1., Commentary, Boys Please, use round pa ren the ses. Physical or chemical for mu lae should be written clearly. This re fers par ticu larly to indices and exponents. The article can be written using the editor of MS Word 6.0 to XP or Star Office 5 PL, preferably DOC or RTF for mat. Illustrations and tables should be packed in sepa rate files and, on the printouts, the place where they are to be included should be marked in pencil. The graphs made in black. It is permissible to use gray tints with various shades of intensity and texture. While typing the descriptions uniform char ac ter we kindly ask used due to esthetic reasons, e.g., arial. Bold print, italics, etc., should be limited to the nec essary mini mum. While scanning the illus trations, the dis tri bution should be at least 300 dpi. Black and white illustrations (line art) should be sent in TIFF for mat and pictures (gray) in TIFF or JPEG format (at the low degree of com pression, up to 10%). All the files should be packed using RAR or ZIP. After copying them on a floppy disk it is necessary to check if all the files are copied. It is best to copy the files on a freshly for matted disk. The reference materials should be given in the order of quotation. [1] Żekoński Z, Wolański N: Warunki społeczno-bytowe jako czynniki rozwoju człowieka w Wo lański N (red.): Czynniki rozwoju człowieka. War sza wa, PWN, 1987, [2] Malarecki I: Zarys fizjologii wysiłku i treningu spor to wego. Warszawa, Sport i Turystyka, [3] Bouchard C, Malina RM: Genetics of physiological fit ness and motor performance. Exerc. Sport. Sc. Rev. 1983; 11: [4] Szopa J: W poszukiwaniu struktury mo to rycz no ści: ana li za czynnikowa cech somatycznych, funk cjo nalnych i prób spraw no ści fizycznej u dziewcząt i chłopców w wie ku 8 19 lat. Wyd. Monograficzne, Kraków, AWF, 1983; 35. While quoting the reference materials in the text, only squ are parentheses with the number of the quoted item in Arabic numerals should be given. When qu oting two or more works the square parentheses sho uld con ta in the chronological order of their publication. 5. Editors remarks All the materials are evaluated and anonymously reviewed. The reviewers opinion is passed on to the Author by the editor. The proof copy of the article will be sent to the Au thor. When the necessary corrections are made and the article is approved of by the author, it should be sent back, within 10 days, to the edi torial board of the Antropomotoryka. A delay in sending back the article may postpone its printing till the next issue of the maga zine. The Publisher of Antropomotoryka Kinesiology reserves the right to do stylistic revisions as well as the possible right to correct nomenclature and to shorten texts. The articles should be sent with a cover letter signed by a senior researcher, who is responsible for the content of the article. The Author gets a free copy of the Antro po mo to ryka Kinesiology in PDF format. The magazine in book from can be ordered on condition of payment when the corrected proof copy is returned. Current copies of Antropomotoryka and those from the files can be ordered on condition of payment from Kra kowska Księgarnia Kultury Fizycznej, al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kraków, tel/fax (012) Summaries in Polish and in English can be found at the following internet address: link: wydawnictwa, czasopisma, antropomotoryka. 10

12 NR 49 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2010 INFORMACJE DLA AUTORÓW 1. Antropomotoryka ( Kinesiology ) jest ofi cjal nym, recenzowanym kwartalnikiem na uko wym Międ z yn ar od ow eg o S t o w a r z y s z e n i a M ot or yk i S p o rt ow e j I A S K, w yd aw an y m w Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie pod patrona tem Ko mi te tu Rehabilitacji, Kultury Fizycznej i Integracji Społecznej PAN. W cza so piśmie przed sta wia ne są wyniki ory gi nal nych ba dań i do świad czeń w dzie dzi nie mo to rycz ności czło wie ka oraz dziedzin po krew nych. Za miesz cza ne są również pra ce prze glądowe, poglądy oraz dys ku sje oceniające obec ny stan i per spek ty wy rozwoju do rob ku ba daw cze go sze ro ko po jęt e j a nt r op om ot or yk i. 2. Materiały przeznaczone do druku (dwa egzemplar ze w ydr uków komputerowych) należy przesyłać łącznie z dyskietką pod adresem: Redakc ja A ntropomotor yki, A kademia Wyc howania Fiz yc z- nego, al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kra ków, tel , tel./ fax , lub na adres poczty elektronicznej antropomotoryka@awf.krakow.pl. 3. Warunki ogólne Zgłoszenie pracy do druku jest jed no znacz ne z przekazaniem przez au to ra (au to rów) prawa do własności R e d a k c j i A nt r op om ot or yk i. P r a c e z ak w al fik i ow an e d o w yd r uk ow an i a s t a ją się zatem wy łącz ną własnością Redak cji i nie można ich pu bli ko wać w całości lub w części w in nych cza so pi smach lub mediach cyfrowych bez pi sem nej zgo dy Wydawcy. Praca złożona do druku w Antropomotoryce nie może być także wcześniej ani równocześnie złożona w in nym cza so pi śmie, co stwierdza autor w pi sem nym oświad cze niu. W razie umieszczenia w pracy rycin lub ta bel itp., pochodzących z opra co wań o p ub l ik ow an y c h w i n n y c h c z as op is m a c h autor ma obo wią zek uzy ska nia zgody na przedruk. Redakcja Antropomotoryki przyjmuje do dru ku pra ce poglądowe, oryginalne, doświ a d c z a l n e, o p r ac ow an i a h is t or y c zn e, k o m u n i k a t y k o nf er e nc y jn e, s p r aw o zd an i a ze zjaz dów i konferencji o tema ty ce an tro po mo to rycz nej oraz krót kie stresz cze nia prac wy dru ko wa nych w czasopi smach za gra nicz nych i recenzje książek z za kre su t e o r i i m ot or y c zn ości czło wie ka. Pra ce przeglądowe i ory gi nal ne będą z r ed ag ow an e w jęz yk u p o l s k i m. A rt y - kuły mogą być pu bli ko wa ne w ję zy ku angielskim. Prace przed sta wia ją ce dużą war tość na ukową, za kwali fik ow an e w c z eśniej do wy dru ko wa nia w cza so pi śmie za gra nicz nym, mogą być rów nież zgło szo ne do druku w An tro po mo to ry ce, jed nak pod wa run kiem uzyskania przez autora pi sem nej zgo dy Wy daw cy cza so pi sma, w któ rym teksty zostały lub zo staną opu bli ko wa ne. Objętość artykułu nie powinna przekraczać 22 stron wydruku komputerowego, na których zamieszczono po 1800 znaków (np.: 30 wierszy po 60 znaków). Praca musi być napisana jednostronnie z podwójną lub 1,5 interlinią. 4. Zasady konstrukcji pracy W liście towarzyszącym prosimy podać do kład ne ad re sy (zarówno prywatny, jak i miejsca pra cy) z zaznaczeniem, gdzie należy przesyłać k or es p o nd e nc ję. Prace empiryczne powinny mieć następujący układ: ty tuł, imię (imiona) i nazwisko autora (ów), słowa klu czo we w języku polskim i angielskim, zwięzłe stresz cze nie w języku polskim i an giel skim, wstęp, materiał i metody, wyniki ba dań, dys ku sja, wnioski oraz wy kaz piśmiennictwa. Słowa kluczowe powinny liczyć od 3 do 15 wy ra zów. Streszczenie musi zawierać: cel pracy, materiał, me to dy lub materiał i metody, wyniki, wnioski. Na pierwszej stronie opracowania należy za mie ścić w ko lej ności: tytuł pracy w języku polskim i an giel skim, imię i na zwi sko autora(ów), stopień n au k ow y a ut or a (ó w ), miejsce za kła du pra cy, sło wa kluczowe oraz zwięzłe stresz cze nie po pol sku i an giel sku. Jego objętość nie może być mniejsza niż 200 i nie większa niż 250 słów. Spis piśmiennictwa należy wydrukować na osob nej stronie. Prosimy wymienić w nim jedynie po zy cje, na które autor powołuje się w tekście. Po win ny być one numerowane cyframi arabskimi i uszeregowane w ko - lejności cytowania ich w pra cy (a nie w kolejności al fa betycz nej). Każdą po zy cję piśmiennictwa należy zapisywać od no we go wiersza. Po nazwisku autora (lub wszyst kich autorów) cytowanej pracy należy po dać pierw sze li te ry imion, a następnie tytuł pracy w brzmie niu ory gi nal nym oraz nazwę czasopisma, z któ re go praca pochodzi. Skrót tytułu czasopisma należy podać zgodnie z jego brzmie niem w Index Medicus (patrz rów nież: International Com mit tee of Medical Jo ur nal Editors: Uniform re qu ire ments for ma nu- 11

13 Informacje dla Autorów scripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1997; 336; ). Przykłady: a) prace wydrukowane w cza so pi smach: Casella R, Bubendorf L, Sauter G, Moch H, Michatsch MJ, Gasser TC: Focal neuroendocrine dif fe ren tia tion lacks pro gno stic si gni fi cian ce in pro sta te core needle biopsies. J Urol, 1998; 160: b) monografie: Matthews DE, Farewell VT: Using and Un derstanding Medical Statistics, ed 3, re vi sed. Ba sel, Karger, c) rozdziały w książkach: Parren PWHI, Burton DR: Antibodies aga inst HIV-1 from phage display libraries; Map ping of an im mu ne response and progress towards antiviral immunotherapy; in Ca pra JD (ed): Antibody Engineering. Chem Immunol. Ba sel, Kar ger, 1997, 65: Kokot F: Fizjologia nerek; w Zieliński J, Leńko J (red): Uro lo gia, Warszawa, PZWL, 1992, 1: Materiał ilustracyjny musi mieć bardzo dobrą ja kość. Powinien być wykonany na białych kartkach. Reprodukcje zdjęć oraz fotografie należy przygotować na błyszczącym papierze fo to gra ficz nym. Na od wro cie fo to gra fii trzeba napisać miękkim ołów kiem jej kolejny numer oraz zaznaczyć strzałką, gdzie znaj du je się jej górny brzeg. Redakcja drukuje jedynie zdjęcia czarno-białe. Tabele i ryciny należy zamieszczać na oddzielnych stronach i nu me ro wać cyframi arabskimi. Ich nagłówki, ob ja śnie nia oraz podpisy pod rycinami i nad tabelami powinny być w języku polskim i angielskim. Przy kład: Tabela 1., Ryc. 1., Objaśnienia, Chłopcy Table 1., Fig. 1., Commentary, Boys Prosimy używać nawiasów okrągłych. Wzory mu szą być napisane czytelnie, szcze gól nie wskaźni ki i wykładniki potęg. Artykuł może być napisany na edytorze od Word 6.0 do XP lub Star Office 5, Open Office, w for ma cie DOC lub RTF. Ilu stra cje, ta be le i wy kre sy powinny być za miesz czo ne w osobnych plikach, a na wydrukach oraz na mar gi ne sie za zna czo ne ołów kiem ich miej sce w tekście. Wykresy na le ży wy ko nać w kolorze czar nym. Moż na stosować tin ty szare o różnym na tęże niu lub tek stu ry. W opisach, ze względów estetycznych, prosimy stosować czcionkę jed no ele men to wą (np. arial). Nie należy nad uży wać wyróżnień (bold, ita lic). Przy ska no wa nych ilustracjach rozdzielczość musi wy no sić co najmniej 300 dpi. Ilustracje czar no-białe (line art.) po win ny być w formacie TIFF, a zdjęcia (grey) w for ma cie TIFF lub JPEG (w ni skim stopniu kompresji, do 10%). Wszystkie pli ki mogą być spa kowa ne RAR-em lub ZIP-em. Po sko pio wa niu na dys kiet kę należy spraw dzić, czy wszyst kie pliki się kopiują. Najlepiej skopiować pliki na świeżo sformatowaną dyskietkę. Spis piśmiennictwa powinien być sporządzony we dług kolejno ści cytowania: [1] Żekoński Z, Wolański N: Warunki społeczno-bytowe jako czynniki rozwoju człowieka; w Wo lań ski N (red.): Czynniki rozwoju człowieka. Warszawa, PWN, 1987; [2] Malarecki I: Zarys fizjologii wysiłku i treningu spor to wego. Warszawa, Sport i Turystyka, [3] Bouchard C, Malina RM: Genetics of physiological fit ness and motor performance. Exerc Sport Sc Rev, 1983; 11: [4] Szopa J: W poszukiwaniu struktury mo to rycz no ści: ana li za czynnikowa cech somatycznych, funk cjo nalnych i prób spraw no ści fizycznej u dziewcząt i chłopców w wie ku 8 19 lat. Wyd. Monograficzne, Kra ków, AWF, 1988; 35. Powołując się w tekście na daną pozycję pi śmien nictwa na le ży podać w nawiasie kwadratowym tylko cy frę arabską. Przytaczając dwie lub większą ich licz bę należy podawać w nawiasie kwadratowym kolejność chronologiczną ich wy da nia. 5. Uwagi redakcji Wszystkie prace podlegają ocenie i są anonimowo recenzowane. Redakcja zapoznaje autora z uwagami re cen zen tów. Odbitka szczotkowa pracy jest wysyłana do Autora. Po niezbęd nej korekcie i akceptacji pracy do druku na leży ją odesłać w terminie do 10 dni pod adresem Re dak cji An tropomotoryki. Przetrzymywanie korekty może spowodować przesunięcie artykułu do na stępnego numeru. Redakcja Antropomotoryki zastrzega sobie prawo adiustacji, dokonywania poprawek w zakresie ujednolicania nazewnictwa i ewentualnego skracania tekstów. Przysyłane artykuły do druku powinny być kierowane do Redakcji pismem przewodnim, podpisanym przez samodzielnego pracownika nauki, równocześnie odpowiadającego za merytoryczną stronę opracowania. Autor otrzymuje bezpłatnie plik PDF z zawartością numeru An tro po mo to ry ki w którym zamieszczono jego pracę. Cza so pi smo w formie książkowej można zamówić odpłatnie przy zwro cie ko rek ty autorskiej. Pełne numery bieżące i archiwalne An tro po mo to ry ki można zamówić odpłatnie w Krakowskiej Księgarni Kultury Fizycznej, al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kra ków, tel/fax (012) Streszczenia w języku polskim i angielskim są za mieszczo ne na stronie internetowej: kow.pl; link: wydawnictwa, czasopisma, antropomotoryka. 12

14 DISSERTATIONS AND ARTICLES ROZPRAWY I ARTYKUŁY

15 NR 49 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA 2010 THE EFFECT OF AN ANAEROBIC TEST ON LUNG INDICES IN SOME ELITE BASKETBALL PLAYERS WPŁYW TESTU WYDOLNOŚCI BEZTLENOWEJ RAST NA WSKAŹNIKI CZYNNOŚCI PŁUC U KOSZYKARZY WYSOKIEGO WYCZYNU Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh*, Abdul Hamid Habibi*, Mohammad Reza Zadkarami**, Mehdi Bustani***, Maryam Mohammadi**** *****Ph.D, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran *****Ph.D, Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran *****MA, Student of PE and Sport Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran *****MA, Islamic Azad University at Sousangerd Branch, Sousangerd, Iran Key words: Pulmonary Function Test, Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST test) Słowa kluczowe: próby czynnościowe płuc, test biegowy wydolności beztlenowej RAST SUMMARY STRESZCZENIE Aim of the work. The main goal of this research was comparing the lung indices of 20 outstanding basketball players in Khouzestan province in Iran before and after the RAST test. Actually, the study examined the possible presence or absence of bronchial spasms among the athletes who had had several years of background in intense athletic activities. The subjects consisted of 20 elite basketball players from the eight teams which were present in Khouzestan basketball league.their average age, weight, and height ranges were 26.55, kg, and cm; respectively. The average BMI was kg/m². The research made a cross comparison among the pulmonary function indices MVV, FEF25-75, PEF, FEV1/FVC, FVC, FEV1 which were measured both before and after the RAST test. Material and methods. Before and after the RAST test, the pulmonary function indices were measured. The sample population was given light basketball exercises for 10 minutes prior to the RAST test. Results. In order to compare the obtained results, they were subjected to a t-test. The final results revealed no significant difference between the values related to MVV FEV1/FVC (p > 0.05); however, a significant decrease was observed in the values FEF25-75, PEF, FVC and FEV1 being respectively 12.60%, 10.28%, 7.82% and 5.41% (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Based on the definition of bronchial spasms arising from athletic exercise, the existence of such bronchial spasms in the sample population could be defined only based on a single value, that is a 19% decrease in FEV 1 in over 60% of the sample population. Cel pracy. Pomiar i porównanie wskaźników czynności płuc przed i po wykonaniu testu biegowego wydolności beztlenowej RAST (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test) u 20 czołowych koszykarzy z irańskiej prowincji Chuzestan. Ustalenie, na podstawie zmiany których wskaźników czynności płuc można ustalić wystąpienie skurczu oskrzeli u badanych. W trakcie analizy danych przeprowadzono badanie krzyżowe parametrów pracy płuc, które zmierzono przed i po fazie beztlenowej wysiłku. Analizą objęto dane liczbowe dotyczące maksymal- 15

16 M. Ghanbarzdeh, A.H. Habbi, M.R. Zadkarami, M. Bustani, M. Mohammadi nej wentylacji dowolnej (MVV), przepływu w środku natężonego wydechu (FEF25-75), szczytowego przepływu oddechowego (PEF), a także ilorazu jednosekundowej objętości natężonego wydechu i natężonej pojemności życiowej (FEV1/FVC). Materiał i metody. Z ośmiu drużyn ligi koszykarskiej Chuzestanu wybrano 20 zawodników legitymujących się co najmniej pięcioletnim stażem w sporcie zawodowym. Średni wiek badanych, mierzony w latach, wynosił 26,55; podczas gdy średnia masa ciała i wysokość odpowiednio 82,34 kg i 186,35 cm, a wskaźnik BMI to 23,69 kg/m 2. Przed i po przeprowadzeniu testu wydolności beztlenowej RAST zmierzono wskaźniki pracy płuc badanych, a 10 minut przed testem przeprowadzono rozgrzewkę. Wyniki. Analiza danych z obu pomiarów, do której przeprowadzenia posłużono się testem t-studenta, nie ujawniła istotnych statystycznie różnic między wartościami MVV i FEV1/FVC (p>0,05). Odnotowano natomiast istotny statystycznie spadek wartości FEF25-75, PEF, FVC i FEV1 odpowiednio o 12,60%, 10,28%, 7,82% i 5,41% (p < 0,05). Wnioski. Na podstawie przyjętej definicji skurczu oskrzeli wskutek wykonywania forsownych ćwiczeń fizycznych (testu RAST) stwierdzono, że na jego wystąpienie w objętej badaniami grupie wskazuje zmiana jednego parametru: obniżenie o 19% wysokości wskaźnika FEV1 u ponad 60% osób. Introduction The pulmonary system is composed of the lungs, the central nervous system, the chest cage, the diaphragm and the muscles between the chest bones, and the blood circulation system within the lungs 1. The central nervous system is responsible for controlling the muscles of the chest cage which act as a pump for the pulmonary system [1]. The act of breathing, which refers to the act of inhaling the air into the lungs and exhaling it from them, is reliant upon the pulmonary system function [2]. Any deficiency in the operation of the trachea and the air passages will result in an insufficiency in the inhalation and exhalation of the air and this, in turn, may affect the amount of oxygen consumed during both the resting phase and the warm up calisthenics. Consequently, the person s health will be in danger. Resistance to the inhalation of the air is the most common cause of breath insufficiency. Based on the fact that bronchical spasms occur as a result of long time excercises, subjects of the present study were selected from athletes with at least 5 years of background in the professionl level. The obstruction of the air passages leads to fatal harms and this obstruction may happen in any part of these passages such as the smallest air channels, the trachea bronchial system, the larynx, and the esophagus [3]. During heavy athletic exercises, the amount of the inhaled air may increase ten to twenty times, how- 1 Abbreviations: MVV maximal voluntary ventilation; FVC forced vital capacity; FEV1 force expiratory volume in 1 sec; FEV1/FVC forced expiratory volume in 1 sec / force vital capacity; FEF25-75% forced expiratory flow; MEFR maximum expiratory flow rate; PEF peak expiratory flow; RAST Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test. ever, the pulmonary system is made in a way that is capable of conforming itself with severe and intense oxygen demands during both short- and long-term athletic activities. Anyway, those individuals who abnormally consume large amount of oxygen during exhaustive athletic exercises may experience inhalation problems [4]. There is some evidence proving that performing exhaustively, athletes will face a severe slow-down in arterial oxygen. This slow-down happens as a result of the distributing limitations which themselves arise from a decrease in the time that red blood corpuscles remain in lung capillaries [5]. According to Pelkonen and co-workers [6], continuous athletic exercise can optimize the function of the pulmonary system. On the contrary, some researches [7] have revealed that continuous athletic exercise can be one of the causes of bronchial spasms. Evidently, a large percentage of athletes with no prior history of asthma or bronchial spasms will develop such symptoms during or after athletic exercise. These symptoms will appear from the very beginning of the athletic exercise up to 30 minutes after the ending of the exercise; however, its peak is approximately between five to ten minutes from the outset of the athletic exercise and will continue until about 30 minutes after it [8]. Bronchial spasms are also common in elite athletes [6]. To cite an example, in the American National Team (67 out of the total 597 athletes), 11% of the athletes who participated in the 1984 Olympic Games [9], and 23% of those who took part in the Winter Olympics in 1998, were diagnosed as having asthma or athletic asthma characteristics [10]. Ziaee and co-workers [11] performed pulmonary function tests on professional and semi-professional basketball players prior to and after a basketball match. Prior to the outset of the activity, 16

17 The effect of anaerobic test on lung indices in some elite basketball players a test was taken in order to establish the base case values. In the second phase, 10 minutes after the outset of the activity the same test was administered and then the results from the two phases were compared. The final results revealed that the amount of FVC and FEV1 in both groups had decreased after beginning the activity; however, this decrease was significant only in the case of the professional group and not in the case of the other group. In neither of the groups a significant change was observed in the other pulmonary indices. Some researchers [12] carried out a study on the occurrence of bronchial spasms arising from athletic exercise in over 107 university athletes in 22 different sport fields in the United States. The final results showed an index of 84% for the occurrence of bronchial spasms in those sport fields which required extensive aerobic activity and an index of 20% for the occurrence of the same factor in the case of those sports which involved minimum aerobic activity. Varma and co-workers [13] compared the indices related to the pulmonary function among the athletes from four different sport fields in India. In this study, 18 soccer, 19 hockey, and 18 basketball players, and 20 swimmers were chosen as the subjects. The control group consisted of 20 medical students. The results indicated that, in comparison to the control group, all four experimental groups had higher rates in the indices of FVC/FEV1 and PEF. Among these groups, the swimmers had the highest rate of increase in the pulmonary function indices (FVC, PEF and FEV1). Abdul and co-workers [14] carried out a study on the bronchial spasms in men among some athletes in Karachi, Pakistan. 179 athletes who had daily regular athletic exercise were selected as the sample population. Using a Spirometer, the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured at the outset of the exercise (running with an increase of 70% in heart beat rate) and subsequently at intervals of 5, 15 and 30 minutes. 13 athletes had a decrease of +15% in the PEFR index in all three intervals. The extent of bronchial spasms was determined to be 7.26% among these athletes [14]. Ozturan and co-workres [15] applied pulmonary function tests for elite basketball players prior to and after a speed exercise session. Prior to the experiment, The amounts of VC, FVC, FEV1, MVV and PEF were higher than the amounts recorded to be normal for the age, height and weight of the sample population; however, after the speed exercise, the same amounts were less than the norms recorded for their age, height and weight. The difference between some of the indices such as FEV 1 and PEF was significantly meaningful before and after the experiment. Mc Kenzie and co-workers [16] evaluated the bronchial contraction arising from exercise among 12 athletes who had already showed signs of athletic asthma. Two methods were applied for measuring the variations in the pulmonary function, namely; continuous warm up drills (i.e. 15 minutes of running on a treadmill with 60% increase in oxygen intake) and alternate warm up drills (eight 30 second sprints with rest periods of approximately 1.5 seconds). In addition to the aforementioned group, a control group was also selected. For every 2 minutes in a twenty-five-minute recovery period interval, the three indices FVC/ FEV1 and MEFR were measured. The results indicated that a fifteen-minute continuous warm up prior to the exercise would have a significant effect on decreasing the bronchial contraction. Mehmet Unal and co-workers [17] also investigated the existence and the commonality of bronchial spasms in athletes. For this purpose, 126 athletes which consisted of 85 soccer players, 25 martial art athletes, 11 swimmers, and 5 wrestlers were chosen as the subjects. In these groups, before and after a ten-minute period of exercise on the treadmill, the Spirometer values were evaluated using the Bruce Protocol. 11% of the population (that is 14 athletes) had more than 10% decrease in their PEF. 14% of them (that is 18 athletes) showed a decrease rate of more than 15% in FEF25-75, and finally, a decrease rate of over 15% was reported for 11% of these athletes (that is 14 athletes). Bronchial spasms were observed in 11% to 14% of the athletes which paralleled those of the other researches. Parkkari and co-workers [18] carried out a study on 20 Finnish elite skiers in order to determine the existence of bronchial spasms among them. After measuring the Spirometer values it was observed that 35% of the skiers suffered from some degree of bronchial spasms arising from the athletic exercise. Among the pulmonary indices, the largest decrease was in the rate of PEF. Methodology The effect of anaerobic athletic activities on the pulmonary function indices has been investigated in a number of studies. The present research which was a semi-empirical one focused on investigating the extent of the bronchial spasms resulting from athletic exercise. In order to select the sample population it was 17

18 M. Ghanbarzdeh, A.H. Habbi, M.R. Zadkarami, M. Bustani, M. Mohammadi necessary to collect some information, first. As a matter of fact, any background of professional activity in a sport field, having respiration diseases like asthma or allergy, background of smoking, and any skeletal disorders such as kyphosis can affect the lung indices. Therefore, it was necessary to ask the subjects about these facts. For this purpose, before the commencement of the treatment, some questionnaires were distributed among some athletes and at least 20 basketball players were selected from the eight professional basketball teams in Khouzestan province in Iran. Actually, their average age range was between 21 and 29 and most of them had played basketball intensely for more than 10 years, but since the criterion for defining the professional experience was the presence in the province super leagues, a five-year period of professional experience was considered for the subjects. That is, they had participated in many other leagues, as well. Neither of the players had a history of asthma, allergy or any other pulmonary diseases. Additionally, none of them had skeletal deformities especially in the chest cage region. Using the Spirometer, the pulmonary function indices FVC, FVC/FEV1, FEV1, MVV, FEF25-75 and PEF were measured in the pre-test phase. In the next phase, for every ten minutes of basketball activity, a runningbased anaerobic sprint test (RAST) was taken and in the post-test phase, the same pulmonary function indices were measured, repeatedly. A Japanese digital Spirometer set, the HI-601 model, was used to measure the pulmonary function indices. In order to compare the obtained results, the pulmonary function indices of the pre- and post test stages were compared and a t-test was applied in order to determine the correlation coefficient between the obtained values. The indices weight, height, age, and BMI were also measured and recorded. In order to analyze the data, the SPSS software, the 11.5 version, was utilized and the level of significance was Spirometer test measurement The variables gender, age, height, weight and environmental temperature were carefully recorded and entered into the Spirometer. Since the variables height and weight are among the important variables for analyzing the pulmonary function test results, and the Spirometer estimates each of the Spirometric variables according to the weight and height of the subjects, there was an attempt to measure these values with great degree of accuracy. Each candidate had to perform the test at least three times and the best record was registered. RAST Test The RAST test was performed as six 35-meter sprints, both alternately and with an active rest period of 10 seconds. The RAST test was in the form of an anaerobic speed running test (6 two-way paths). This test was developed by Volor Hampton University for implementing anaerobic excercises. Moreover, this test is applicable for those athletes that their sport skills are based on periodic and anaerobic running. The fatigue index percent in this test is almost high and that is why this test was selected. The nature of this test is consistent with basketball and anaerobic activities. Results In this research, considering the pre- and post-test stages, a significant decrease was observed in the indices FEV1, FVC, PEFR and FEF As it can be understood from the Table 1, these decreases were respectively 12.60%, 10.28%, 7.82% and 5.41% (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were identified between the indices FVC, FEV1, and MVV (p > 0.05). Based on the definition of Bronchial spasms which is explained as any decrease more than 10% in the FEV1 and more than 15% in PEFR or a decrease more than 25% in FEF25-75 [19, 20]; it can be claimed that in the present study, only one of the bronchial spasm indices arising from athletic exercise, that is the FEV1 index was present (with a mean value of 19% decrease in 60% of the subjects). The existence of such bronchial spasms in the sample population could be defined only based on a single value, that is, a 19% decrease in FEV1 in over 60% of the sample population. The following figure represents the average amounts of the pulmonary indices FVC and FEV1 in the pre- and post-test stages. The second figure represents the average amounts of the pulmonary indices FVC/FEV1 and PEFR in the pre- and post-test stages. The third figure represents the average values for the pulmonary indices FEF25-75 and MVV in the preand post-test stages. Figure (1) demonstrates the changes related to the lung indices FVC and FEV1, in the pre- and post-test stages. With regard to p-value = 0/001 for FEV1 and 18

19 The effect of anaerobic test on lung indices in some elite basketball players Table 1. The average values for the pulmonary indices FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75, and MVV in the pre- and post-test P Samples Amount of t Standard deviation average stage Statistical index Pre-test Post test Pre-test Post test FEV1 FVC Pre-test Post test FEV1/FVC Pre-test Post test Pre-test Post test Pre-test Post test PEF FEF25-75 MVV pre-test post-test FVC FEV FEF25-75 MVV pre-test post-test Fig. 1. The average values for the pulmonary indices FEV1 and FVC in the pre- and post-tests stages Fig. 3. The average values for the pulmonary indicesfef and MVV in the pre- and post-test stages FEV1/FVC PEFR pre-test post-test Fig. 2. The average values for the pulmonary indices FVC/FEV1 and PEFR in the pre- and post-test stages p-value = 0/005 for FVC that are less than 0/05, indicating it as a meaningful level, meaningful changes (meaningful decrease) was observed in these two indices. In Figure (2) changes in the lungs indices FEV1/ FVC and PEFR is observable in the pre- and post-test stages. Considering p-value = 0/651 for FEV1/FVC and p-value = 0/001 for PEFR, meaningful changes (meaningful decrease) in the index PEFR were observed in the pre- and post-test stages. But in the case of the lung index FEV1/FVC no meaningful changes were reported. Figure (3) represents the changes related to the lung indices FEF25-75 and MVV in the pre- and post-test stages. With regard to p-value = 0/005 for FEF25-75 and p-value = 0/109 for MVV, meaningful changes (meaningful decrease) can be claimed for the index FEF25-75 in the pre- and post-test stages. But no significant change was observed in the case of the lung index MVV. 19

20 M. Ghanbarzdeh, A.H. Habbi, M.R. Zadkarami, M. Bustani, M. Mohammadi Discussion and conclusion In this part, with the aim of mentioning some of the researches with similar achievements, the findings of the present study are compared with those of some others. Any way, there are some contradictions between this research and some others which are reported, as well. By measuring the indices related to pulmonary function it is possible to determine the rate of muscle development, the existence of any obstruction or limitation in the air passages, and the existence or non-existence of swelling and bronchial spasms arising from exercise in a sample population. The most important index which can measure the strength of pulmonary muscles, especially the muscles associated with inhaling, is the maximal voluntary ventilation index (MVV). The existence of values higher than the predicted ones, probably, indicates the strength of these muscles [4]. Another means of evaluating the exhale resistance of air passages is investigating the results of a rapid exhalation into a Spirometer. The Spirometer is used for measuring vital signs known as FVC [4]. An index like the amount of exhaled air in the first second (FEV1) is a good index for determining the exhale resistance in the air passages. The FVC index is one of the suitable indices applied for determining the exhale resistance of the air passages, the lungs capacity, and the amount of the air which can be inhaled. This index depends on the elasticity of the lungs and the resistance of the air passages. Studies have shown that the elasticity of the lungs, the resistance of the air passages in the alveolus regions, and the narrowing and compliance of the air passages are among the physiological mechanisms which can determine the amount of air passing through the lungs. The physiological conditions which decrease the elastic tension of the lungs and increase the resistance of the air passages, reduces the speed of the air flow, significantly. In addition, the indices FEV1, PEFR and FEF25-75 are also important for studying the extent of bronchial spasms arising from exercise among athletes [19]. If after any activity the rate of FEV1 reaches a level of +10%, the rate of PEFR will reach a level of +15% and the rate of FEF will increase by +25%. The resulting phenomenon is defined as bronchial spasms [19 21]. Some researches consider a decrease of approximately 6.5% as slight bronchial spasms, too [18, 21, 22]. In the present research, no significant difference was seen in the indices MV, and FEV 1/FVC in both the pre- and post-test stages. In addition, among all the indices measured, the amounts of these two indices were higher than those values that had been predicted by the Spirometer on the basis of the age, gender, weight and height of the sample population. As these two indices are directly related to the pulmonary muscles, especially the rib cage muscles; it seems that in the sample population who had over five years of professional basketball training, the rib cage muscles had been fortified and strengthened. Any decrease in the amount of the indices MVV and FEV1/FVC implies that these muscles have been enfeebled. Noticeably, in this study there was no significant decrease in the amount of the mentioned indices. It is believed that exercising in the cold weather is one of the most important causes of bronchial spasms among athletes. Contrary to this belief, in the present study which was carried out in a warm climate and the sample population had had an extensive exposure to training in such climate, again one of the bronchial spasm indices was observed among the sample population (a 19% decrease in the FEV1 index among 12 members of the sample group). It can be implied that the type of exercise rather than the environmental temperature can be considered as a reason for such spasms. The research also indicated a significant decrease in the values of FEV1 PEFR, FVC and FEF25-75, but no meaningful difference was identified in MVV and FEV1/FVC indices. These findings are in accordance with those obtained by numerous researchers [12, 14 18]. Anyway, these results contradicted the findings of Varma and co-workers [13], since the latter research compared four different sport fields and made use of a different methodology. The obtained results paralleled the findings of Mehmet Unal and co-workers [17] in a study carried out in the case of the athletes from four different sport fields, but the methodologies and the protocols applied in Mehmet Unal s study and the present study varied greatly. If, in the present research, instead of the RAST protocol, a simple exercise protocol (such as the treadmill exercise utilized in Mehmet Unal s research) had been applied, the results of the study would have been rather different from what was reported. In the research performed by Ozturan and co-workers [15] on a group of basketball players, a significant difference was observed in the pulmonary function indices measured after the pre- and post RAST tests; however, the difference was attributed to the exhaustion, especially in the 20