CO2 GEOLOGICAL STORAGE RESEARCH IN POLAND. Adam Wójcicki, PGI-NRI

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1 CO2 GEOLOGICAL STORAGE RESEARCH IN POLAND Adam Wójcicki, PGI-NRI.. Warsaw,

2 CO2 storage projects POLAND 1. R&D project at Borzęcin gas field (injecting acidic gas = 60% CO2, since 1995) 2. CO2-ECBM EU FP projects RECOPOL & MOVECBM (since 2001); 3. Two projects under the EU ETP ZEP Demonstration Programme are launched For much of Europe (green colour) basic knowledge on CO2 geological storage possibilities has been compiled under EU and national projects, but such knowledge is not sufficient to decide where exactly CO2 can be safely stored in large quantities. Such detailed knowledge is required for exploration and storage permits to be granted.

3 Preliminary estimation of CO2 storage capacity for Poland ( ) 2008) CO2 emissions: net 300 Mt, ETS 205 Mt Regional aquifers (Cr1, J1 and T) make the biggest share of country storage capacity. Their huge potential, counted in Gtonnes, enables storing emissions of big power plants and other industrial installations for decades, Hydrocarbon fields (of rather small capacity) are of a local importance. These are mostly gas fields and only a few suitable oil fields. Methane-bearing coal seams are quite common in the Silesian Coal Basin and possibly have a potential to store emissions of some industrial installations. However, this is a sensitive issue because of safety of coal underground exploitation and conflicts with coal gasification.

4 Distribution of sedimentary basins potentially suitable for the CO2 storage Main European sedimentary basins (after FP6 EU GeoCapacity project) Central European Permian-Mezozoic basin (outlined), is the biggest European sedimentary basin - it extends from England to Poland across the North Sea, Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Polish territory belongs to the eastern arm of this vast basin Conclusion: situation in Poland is better than European average (onshore).

5 THE POLISH BASIN Saline aquifers of the Polish part of the Permian- Mezozoic basin (outlined), such as: Lower Jurassic (deep blue), Triassic (purple) and to a lesser extent, Lower Cretaceous (dark-green), are likely good reservoirs for safe CO2 storage. They are particularly useful for the needs of large industrial installations. Plane section at a depth z=1 km (Kota ski, 1997), arrows the demo plants

6 Inventory of sources and sinks in Poland (ME PL, 2008) Known structures (level 1 of the pyramid) make the following figures of CO2 storage potential in Poland: saline aquifers (24 structures) 8299 Mt, hydrocarbon fields (82) 1021 Mt, coal/cbm seams 295 Mt, total 9615 Mt.

7 Qualification of CO2 storage potential Zatłaczanie Składowisko Matched or Viable Capacity Pojemność realistyczna Realistic Capacity Większa wiarygodność Większe nakłady 4 - wykonalność (opłacalność) składowania; viable storage Spadek pojemności do wykorzystania 3 - bezpieczne składowanie safe storage 2 - nie ma konfliktów interesów no competing interests 1 - mniejsze obszary albo struktury geologiczne spełniające kryteria wyjsciowe; smaller areas or structures of geological cut-off limits Pojemność teoretyczna Theoretical Capacity 0 - oszacowania w skali basenów (objetość przestrzeni porowych); basin wide estimates based on pore space volumes CO2 storage capacity pyramid for the key option - saline aquifers (based on Bachu, 2003 and others)

8 In response to demands of national economy on future implementation of CO2 geological sequestration technologies in industrial scale (to be preceded by a testing phase of demonstration plants), Polish Ministry of Environment has launched a four-year ( ) National Programme Assessment of formations and structures for safe CO2 geological storage, including monitoring plans. PGI leads a consortium of organisations, specialized in geological-geophysical-reservoir studies (AGH, CMI, MEERI, O&GI, PBG). As an extension to the Programme cooperation with a number of industry stakeholders, as well as with European geological surveys and other organizations of relevant expertise started. Project duration: The goal of the programme (in connection with a Polish part of ETP ZEP Demonstration Programme) is to collect and elaborate countrywide geo-information necessary for future decisions on exploration and storage permits (saline aquifers and other storage options), to be issued by Polish Ministry of Environment, according to the EU directive on geological storage of carbon dioxide to be implemented. THE PROGRAMME

9 Neubrandenburg BERLIN Cottbus Leszno Zgierz Kalisz LODZ Glogów Ostrow_Wielkopolski I Pabianice Tomaszow_Mazowiecki V Lubin Piotrkow_Trybunalski Radom Belchatow Görlitz Legnica LUBLIN DRESDEN WROCLAW Starachowice Jelenia_Gora Ostrowiec_Swietokrzyski Decín Swidnica Walbrzych KIELCE USTI_NAD_LABEM Victoria Teplice Czestochowa Czestochowa Most II OPOLE TarnobrzegStalowa_Wola Zawiercie Zdzieszowice Tarnowskie_Gory Kedzierzyn-Kozle Bytom Jadwiga Bytom Piekary_Slaskie Przyjazn Gliwice Zabrze Dabrowa_Gornicza Kladno HRADEC_KRALOVE Ruda_Slaska Chorzow Siemianowice_Sląskie Bedzin IV Swietochlowice Sosnowiec Mielec KATOWICE Myslowice PRAHA Jaworzno Debiensko Trzebinia_EC PARDUBICE RaciborzRybnik Tychy Krakow Radlin Zory KRAKOW RZESZOW Tarnow Opava Jastrzebie-Zdroj Czechowice-Dziedzice OSTRAVA Karvina 0 25,000 50,000 75, , , , , ,000 Havirov Bielsko-Biala Przemysl KM Frydek-Mistek OLOMOUC Nowy_Sacz Miasta, tys. Cities, thous. 50 to to to to 3500 Frankfurt(Oder) CESKE_BUDEJOVICE Elektrownie zawodowe, emisja w kt (KPAU) Power plants, emission in kt 100 to to to to Rafinerie i koksownie, emisja w kt (KPAU) Conversion plants emission in kt 100 to to 6000 VII SZCZECIN Stargard_Szczecinski GORZOW_wLKP. ZIELONA_GORA JIHLAVA LEGENDA LEGEND MOŻLIWOŚCI GEOLOGICZNEJ SEKWESTRACJI CO2 W POLSCE POSSIBILITIES ON CO2 GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION IN POLAND Elektrociepłownie i ciepłownie, emisja w kt (KPAU) CHP and heating plants, emission in kt 100 to to 5000 Przemysł wytwórczy, emisja w kt (KPAU) Manufacturing industries, emission in kt 100 to to 5000 Koszalin BRNO Obszary chronione (NATURA 2000, parki narodowe) Protected areas (NATURA 2000, national parks) 5000 to Pila Gniezno POZNAN VI VIII ZLIN TRENCIN Gdynia GDANSK Gdansk BYDGOSZCZ TORUN Inowroclaw Konin ZILINA Prievidza Tczew Grudziadz Martin Zasięg dolnej kredy (W. Górecki, 1995) Lower Cretaceous extent Zasięg dolnej jury (W. Górecki, 1995) Lower Jurassic extent Zasięg dolnego triasu (pstrego piaskowca) Lower Triassic (Bunter Ss.) extent (R. Dadlez, S. Marek, J. Pokorski, 1998) Planowane lokalizacje geotermalne Planned geothermal localities Instalacje i uzdrowiska geotermalne Geothermal installations and spas Potencjal magazynowania struktur hydrogeologicznych (Cr1, J1, T1), Mt Storage capacity of aquifer structures (Cr1, J1, T1 - R. Tarkowski, 2005), Mt 100 to to 1100 Elblag Wloclawek Plock Plock BANSKA_BYSTRICA Poprad KALININGRAD OLSZTYN III Legionowo WARSZAWA Pruszkow PRESOV Ostroleka Gazociągi (P. Karnkowski, 1993; Gas pipelines Terminale gazowe (st. kompresorów, przesyłowe) Gas pipelines (compressor & transfer stations) Ropociąg "Przyjaźń" Druzhba oil pipeline Ważniejsze podziemne magazyny gazu i paliw Major underground gas and fuel storages Wybrane zloża gazu i ropy (P. Karnkowski, 1993; Infogeoskarb) Selected gas and oil fields Potencjal magazynowania struktur naftowych (gaz i ropa), Mt Storage capacity of hydrocarbon structures, Mt 0.4 to 5 5 to to to 150 Lomza Elk Siedlce Suwalki BIALYSTOK KAUNAS BREST Biala_Podlaska Zamosc Chelm ALYTUS HRODNA Drogobych Stryj Novovolynsk LVIV Kovel Chervonograd Kalush Obszary górnicze (w tym MPW) Mining areas (including CBM - Infogeoskarb) GZW (zasięg karbonu produktywnego) Silesian Coal Basin (Carboniferous range) Eksperyment Recopol/MoveCBM (ECBM) ECBM Recopol/MoveCBM experiment Zasoby MPW CBM fields (S. Przeniosło, 2005) 2 to to to 50 Zasięg Zapadliska Przedkarpackiego Carpathian Foredeep extent (P. Karnkowski, 1993) Front nasunięcia Karpat Carpathian front (P. Karnkowski, 1993) Zasięg czerwonego spągowca Rotliegend range (P. Karnkowski, 1993) Naturalne ekshalacje CO2 Natural CO2 seeps The scope of the programme The programme covers practically entire territory of Poland, including Polish Baltic economic zone. In 8 areas more thorough studies of facies of saline aquifers will be conducted, in order to select objects suitable for safe CO2 storage (1st segment); similarly, hydrocarbon fields and coal beds in the country will be studied. For six selected storage sites (3 in saline aquifers and three other) detailed analyzes (2nd segment - according to the Directive on geological storage of CO2) will be performed, followed by monitoring programmes.

10 Segment I - site screening/selection phase; based on CO2STORE criteria Seal thickness: minimum 50 m, seal integrity is essential Aquifer depth: from 800 m to m Aquifer net thickness: minimum m (a single layer) Porosity of the reservoir: minimum 10%, preferably 20% Permeability of the reservoir: minimum 100 md Salinity: minimum 30 g/l, in case of relic, isolated fluids it might be lower... The criteria are suited for demo and industrial scale projects (Mtons/year) and involve a substantial safety margin. In reality it is hard to achieve all positive textbook criteria e.g. in case of Ketzin pilot project (but this is not a large scale injection). These criteria do not have the same weights. The most important issue is to gather sufficient information,necessary to evaluate the structure against criteria mentioned above.

11 Works for area I - 1st Polish demo project (Be( Be chatów,, 1.8 Mt/yr) For the case study the B-Z structure was selected which is relatively well explored (sufficient coverage by seismic lines and wells with logging and drill core samples available) because this makes it possible to construct a reliable model. Two backup sites were proposed to the investor (PGE).

12 Well correlations (lithology after well logging and cores) Salmon Polish denote Geological reservoirs Institute at least 30 m thick (yellow: m), green seal at least 50 m thick; both within in Lower Jurassic (A. Feldman-Olszewska)

13 Well data (lithology after well logging and cores) Well logging data can be used to estimate reservoir properties and other parameters of geological formations; rocks sample analyses including petrophysical and petrological National Research are used Institute as benchmarks (reactive minerals assessed as well)

14 2D seismic for the selected site Seismic section of 1970s, reprocessed in 2001; the structure in question is in J1 (upper part of the section) and red arrows denote possible injection wells. On the left National Research a Institute newer profile of RWE Dea (S. Kijewska & G. Wróbel).

15 Case study for site B-Z B Z (Be chat chatów w area) Static (reservoir geometry) capacity (J1) 370 Mt (PGE EBSA needs 45 Mt; PKE&ZAK 73 Mt) A preliminary 3D model was constructed, injection simulations (pilot and Polish demo Geological scale), Institute risk assessment and monitoring & site characterisation programme have been designed (EU Directive on CO2 geological storage)

16 Injection simulations (B-Z Z site) CO2 na plume area ~14 x 14 km (max.) Results of dynamic simulations (AGH): start of injection, 5, 20 and 50 years after injection started (end in year 25); storage capacity Mt. Another, though deep, aquifer (T1 OGI) is of similar potential.

17 Area II 2 nd Polish CCS demo project Kędzierzyn Same scope of works as for area I carried out and for the case study object in the region of southern part of SCB (Skoczów-Czechowice) was selected. The aquifer is in Lower National Miocene Research Institute sandstones dębowieckie beds (and possibly Carboniferous).

18 Area II southern part Structural lows within roof of Carboniferous are covered by Lower Miocene sandstones eastern and southern parts of this area are the mos tperspective but static storage capacity of Miocene alone is only 44 Mt insufficient for 2 nd demo project, so other options are investigated (PGI Sosnowiec, CMI and others).

19 Field works ordered by PGE Be chat chatów Field works E. Szynkaruk Among 7 structures studied in the National Programme for Be chatów area only three fulfil most of the CO2STORE criteria and have large CO2 storage capacity, counted in hundreds of Mt, enough for the needs of the demo plant and possible further developments. PGE ordered geophysical surveys and research wells for two promising, albeit insufficiently explored backup structures/objects (SE Lutomiersk- Tuszyn and NE Wojszyce structure) in order to select then the most suitable of three structures (now the B-Z structure appears to be the best).

20 Field works ordered by PGE Be chat chatów (in progress) T. Nowak, et al., 2009 For both areas (SE Lutomiersk-Tuszyn and NW Wojszyce) seismic and gravity sureys have been commenced (in February 2010 and December 2009, respectively). Also at each structure one research was drilled in order to characterize Lower and Middle Jurassic reservoirs and caprock. We know very little about the extent and properties of these structures, and new data contributed only a little, partly because of obstacles of local authorities and ecologists (exploration - seismic survey blocked in some areas) and geological conditions.

21 The pilot CO2 injection project Another project which is actually not a PGE project but an initiative of Polish Ministry of Environment, to be co-funded by energy sector stakeholders, refers to drilling of two wells one for injection and one for monitoring located at B-Z structure. The drilling is expected to start by the end of The goal of the project is to evaluate injectivity within Lower Jurassic aquifer, same as in case of the structure evaluated in the National Programme. The injection of up to 30 kt of CO2 within a period of 2 years will commence. Laboratory measurements of drill core and water samples, well logging and tests and geophysical (surface, uphole, cross-hole), geochemical and biogeochemical monitoring programme have been designed. This is obviously a Polish analog of Ketzin pilot project but it goes further, because it is planned at a storage site intended for demo project (s).

22 The pilot CO2 injection project (B-Z Z structure) The reservoir is within Upper Pliensbachian ( ) and Lower Toarcian makes a good caprock ( m). The Jto2/Ja1 reservoir is outside the supercritical range at the top of structure. Reservoir properties effective porosity likely 20%; permeability md; temperature 40 C; pressure ~11MPa. The well profile (A. Feldman-Olszewska) is approximate - drilling of the wells (injection and monitoring) will provide exact figures for these parameters within a few months.

23 The injection (after AGH-UST) First phase 3300 t for a period of ~6 weeks Second phase t for 1 year, continuously Third phase year 2, at least t Total injection volume up to 30 kt, two tracers are to be applied. Transport in liquid phase, by trucks. Left injection simulations (the plume just after injection finished, i.e. 2.5 years after it started); modelling of the injection process scheduled, to be compared with results provided by monitoring.

24 Conclusions - Figure of total storage potential of 10 Gt for Poland seems to be realistic (new structures found, some structures known already excluded or downsized) where saline aquifers make eighty-ninety percent and depleted/depleting hydrocarbon fields likely ten percent. This does rather refer to capacities of geological-reservoir cut-offs not an input to a feasibility studies of particular storage sites. So, the storage capacities for safe and viable storage will likely make a fraction of this figure - likely this could be 30-40%. Such a (conservative) figure equals year emission of power plants in Poland covered by EU ETS and year emission of all installations in Poland covered by EU ETS. - The B-Z structure is of sufficient storage capacity for the needs of PGE demo project (got EEPR grant), and likely for the second Polish demo project as well (PKE&ZAK applying for NER300 grant); finally pilot injection has been planned there, Both operators have designed CO2 pipeline routes to the site. This is the potential storage site for both Polish CCS demo projects. Research on the fate of geologically stored CO2 there would be very useful for the development of CCS technology in Poland.