Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development CHANGES IN PRODUCTIVITY OF SELECTED BRANCHES OF THE POLISH FOOD SECTOR IN THE YEARS

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1 DOI: /JARD Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Developmen pissn eissn (4) 206, CHANGES IN PRODUCTIVITY OF SELECTED BRANCHES OF THE POLISH FOOD SECTOR IN THE YEARS Joanna Baran Szkoła Główna Gospodarswa Wiejskiego w Warszawie Absrac. The aim of his paper is o specify changes in produciviy of he Polish food secor as a whole and is seleced branches in he years Analyses were conduced based on he Malmquis Produciviy Inde (MPI). In he MPI model he following variables were adoped: he oupu sold producion (million PLN), inpus average number of employees (hous) and gross value of fied asses (million PLN). I was confirmed ha produciviy of he Polish food secor improved in he years Resuls of analyses showed ha changes in echnical efficiency had a greaer effec on changes in food secor produciviy in Poland paricularly in he firs period following Poland s accession o he EU and saring from 2009, i.e. he oubreak of he economic crisis. Technical change had a considerable effec on he improvemen of produciviy in he food secor only in he years The greaes mean annual improvemen in produciviy in he analysed period was observed in mea and milk processing and beverage producion. Key words: food secor, produciviy, Malmquis Produciviy Inde INTRODUCTION Following Poland s accession o he European Union he Polish agriculure and food secor have been operaing under differen economic condiions han i was in he pas. Being par of he European Single Marke resuls in he process of price equalisaion and provides new poenial sources of income for agriculure and he food secor conneced wih higher demand and price levels (Pocza, 2008). Posiive changes relaed o Poland s inegraion wih he EU are indicaed by seleced indees, e.g. he value of producion sold, epors, invesmen or profiabiliy of he food secor. Apar from he increase in producion volume, epors and invesmens in food processing, changes have also been observed in he producion srucure based on he increasing imporance of highly processed food, wih such food supplied o a considerable een o consumers in he EU counries (Michalczyk, 20). On he oher hand, as i was observed by Drożdż and Urban (202), we may observe variabiliy and inensificaion of eernal resricions on operaions in producion of food and beverages. We face a decrease in domesic demand, increasing raw maerial shorages, considerable price flucuaions and adverse rends for processors. Recenly he embargo imposed by Russia on agri-food producs has also significanly affeced seleced branches in he Polish food secor. This has resuled in marked flucuaions in producion volumes in he food secor and financial oucomes, wih he deerioraion of he economic siuaion in individual branches ypically being emporary. For his reason i may be assumed ha one of he challenges faced by he Polish food secor is conneced wih improving is compeiiveness on he inernaional marke, he capaciy of companies o adap o he coninuously changing environmen and consan improvemen of operaion efficiency. For his reason i dr Joanna Baran, Kaedra Ekonomiki i Organizacji Przedsiębiorsw, Szkoła Główna Gospodarswa Wiejskiego w Warszawie, ul. Nowoursynowska 66, Warszawa, Poland, joanna_baran@sggw.pl Copyrigh by Wydawnicwo Uniwersyeu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu

2 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev., is becoming crucial o ensure on-going monioring and idenificaion of changes in efficiency and produciviy of he food secor boh a he secor level and wihin is individual branches, which will faciliae a more reliable assessmen of opporuniies and barriers for developmen of he Polish food secor. According o he definiion adoped by OECD, produciviy is a relaion of he quaniaive measure of producion o he quaniaive measure of inpus (Zielińska-Głębocka, 2003). Produciviy faciliaes deerminaion of efficiency of inpus, subsiuion of resources and echnical change. In empirical sudies indees of facorial produciviy are used, referring o he efficiency of individual producion facors, and overall produciviy reflecing oal effecs of efficiency of all facors (Łukiewska, 204). I is paricularly crucial o conrol he level and he rae of changes in indusry produciviy when searching for sources of producion increase, i.e. assessmen o wha een observed changes resul from echnical change and o wha een hey are a consequence of accumulaion and subsiuion of labour facors and capial (Zielińska-Głębocka, 2003; Łukiewska, 204). Organisaions invesigaing produciviy of individual secors in erms of heir compeiiveness include e.g. OECD and he European Commission. Analyses of food secor produciviy may also be found in sudies by Baran and Pierzak (2007), Michalczyk (20), Drożdż and Urban (202) or Łukiewska (204). In his paper changes in oal produciviy of he food secor were assessed using he Malmquis Produciviy Inde (MPI). The aim of his sudy was o deermine changes in produciviy of seleced branches in he food secor from he ime of Poland s accession o he EU o 203. Wihin hese invesigaions i was decided o verify he following research hypohesis. The primary facor in he improvemen of produciviy of he food secor in Poland in he years was conneced wih changes caused by echnical change (echnological progress). MATERIAL AND METHODS Source maerials for analyses comprised GUS (Cenral Saisical Office) daa for he years concerning he following nine branches of he food secor: B mea processing and preservaion and producion of processed meas, B2 fish processing and preservaion, B3 frui and vegeable processing and preservaion, B4 producion of plan and animal origin oils and fas, B5 dairy producion, B6 producion of cereal milling producs, sarch and sarch producs, B7 producion of baked and farinaceous producs, B8 producion of beverages, B9 producion of oher foodsuffs. Adopion of his division ino branches resuls from he used sources of inpu maerials (GUS) and i is consisen wih he Polish Classificaion of Economic Aciviies. The branches, for which daa for he years were incomplee, were ecluded from his sudy. In order o verify he proposed research hypohesis based on daa concerning he food secor he Malmquis Produciviy Inde (MPI) was applied. This inde is consruced by comparing relaions of several inpus o oupus of a given objec a various ime poins. The Malmquis inde for a given objec is a produc of he inde of changes in echnical efficiency (EFCH) and he echnical change inde (TECH) according o he following formula (Färe e al., 994): D (y, ) D (y, ) D (y, ) M (y,, y, ) = D (y, ) D (y, ) D (y, ) EFCH TECH where D (y, ) is efficiency obained using echnology of year for daa from year +. D (y, ) is efficiency of an eniy in year using echnology available a ha ime and for daa from period. D (y, ) shows efficiency of an eniy in he years. D (y, ) is efficiency obained using echnology of year for daa from year. For values of he Malmquis produciviy inde greaer han we assume ha produciviy increased in he analysed period from o +. When he value of his inde is less han, his indicaes a decrease in produciviy, while he value of indicaes mainenance of efficiency a he same level. A similar inerpreaion of inde values is used for EFCH and TECH. Decomposiion of he Malmquis Inde for objec P (Fig. ) will ake he following form (Cooper e al., 2007):

3 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev., Fig.. The Malmquis Produciviy Inde Source: Cooper e al., Rys.. Ilusracja graficzna indeksu Malmquisa Źródło: Cooper e al., i.e. RESULTS 2 EFCH (P) =, AP MPI = BP 2 BD BP AC BF TECH =, AC AE BD AP BF BD AC AE Changes in oal produciviy of producion facors in individual branches of he food secor were deermined using he inpu-oriened Malmquis produciviy inde (MPI). In view of he EU legislaion concerning environmenal policies and implemened principles of susainable developmen, an increase in agriculural producion hrough innovaion and disinensificaion of inpus is currenly he only available opion for developmen of Polish agriculure (Bieńkowski e al., 202). The following variables concerning individual branches were assumed for he calculaed model: oupu y producion sold (million PLN), inpu average number of employees (hous), inpu 2 gross value of fied asses (million PLN). Mean annual increase in he Malmquis produciviy inde in he years for he Polish food secor was 3% (Fig. 2). The greaes increase in food secor produciviy (%) was recorded in he years I may be assumed ha such a siuaion was caused by Poland s accession o he EU and numerous changes aking place a ha ime o adap he Polish food secor o EU sandards, as well as he opening of new markes and he paricularly advanageous economic siuaion boh in Poland and in primary foreign cusomers buying Polish food producs. I also needs o be sressed ha in he firs years afer Poland s accession o he EU ( ) produciviy of he food secor was basically he consequence of improvemen in echnical efficiency, while unil he economic crisis ( ) a greaer effec on improvemen in produciviy of he food secor was found for echnical change. In urn, from 2009 he Malmquis inde was again improved mainly by changes in echnical efficiency (Fig. 2). When analysing he mean annual Malmquis inde (MPI) in he years in individual branches we need o sae ha ecep for he producion of plan and animal origin oils and fas all he branches improved heir oal produciviy. The greaes mean annual increase in oal produciviy was recorded in he following branches: mea processing and preservaion (6%), producion of beverages (5%) and dairy producion 257

4 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev.,,6,4,2,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 2004/ / / / / / /20 20/ /203 Malmquis Inde (MPI) Indeks Malmquisa Fig. 2. Malmquis Produciviy Inde, changes in echnical efficiency and echnical change calculaed for food indusry in Poland Rys. 2. Indeks produkywności Malmquisa, zmiany efekywności echnicznej, posęp echnologiczny w przemyśle spożywczym w Polsce (5%) Fig. 3. I may be saed ha hese branches are characerised by he greaes compeiive poenial. Processed mea producs show a high comparaive advanage boh in he EU and world markes, while dairy producs in he EU marke. These resuls are confirmed by findings of oher researchers, e.g. Pawlak (2009, p. 22), Kacperska (200, p. 62), Szczepaniak (202, p. 50) and Łukiewska (204). Based on he inde of changes in echnical efficiency (EFCH) for individual branches i was observed ha hree of hem (i.e. producion of beverages, dairy producion and producion of oher foodsuffs) showed mean annual improvemen in echnical efficiency a 8%. The lowes mean annual indees of changes in efficiency (below ) were found in he producion of plan and animal origin oils and fas (Fig. 4). The branch of plan and animal origin oil and fa producion in he analysed period showed he greaes dynamics of increase in he number of employees and he value of fied asses, eceeding he dynamics of producion sales, which was manifesed e.g. in lower produciviy and efficiency in relaion o he oher branches of he food secor. The greaes mean annual increases in he inde of echnological progress (TECH) were recorded in fish processing and preservaion (7%) and mea processing and preservaion (3%). In he oher branches he mean annual inde of echnical changes flucuaed around, while in he producion of beverages and dairy producion i was below (Fig. 5). In he ne sage of he sudy he mean annual indees of echnical change (TECH) and changes in efficiency (EFCH) for he branches of he food secor were compared wih mean values for he whole secor (Fig. 6). Wihin his comparison four groups were disinguished: he leader, i.e. mea processing (B), in he years showing changes boh in he mean annual echnical change and echnical efficiency above average for he food secor, branches disinguished by he dynamics of echnical change above he mean for he food secor (fish processing B2), a group of branches showing he dynamics of changes in echnical efficiency eceeding he naional mean, e.g. frui and vegeable processing B3, dairy producion B5, producion of beverages B8, producion of cereal milling producs, sarch B6, a group of losing branches wih below secor average levels of echnical change and efficiency (producion of plan and animal origin oils and fas B4, producion of baked and farinaceous producs B7)

5 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev., processing of mea manufacure of beverages produkcja napojów processing of frui and vegeables manufacure of oils, and vegeable and animal fas Fig. 3. Mean annual Malmquis Produciviy Inde (MPI) calculaed for individual food secors Rys. 3. Średnioroczna warość indeksu produkywności Malmquisa (MPI) dla poszczególnych branż manufacure of beverages produkcja napojów processing of mea processing of frui and vegeables manufacure of oils, and vegeable and animal fas Fig. 4. Mean annual changes in echnical efficiency (EFCH) for food secors Rys. 4. Średnioroczna zmiana efekywności echnicznej (EFCH) branż przemysłu spożywczego 259

6 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev., processing of fish przewórswo ryb processing of mea manufacure of oils, and vegeable and animal fas manufacure of bakery produkcja wyrobów piekarskich processing of frui and vegeables przewórswo owoców i warzyw manufacure of grain mill producs, sarches manufacure of oher food producs manufacure of beverages produkcja napojów manufacure of dairy producs produkcja wyrobów mleczarskich Fig. 5. Mean annual variaion in echnical change (TECH) for food secors Rys. 5. Średnioroczna zmiana posępu echnologicznego (TECH) w branżach przemysłu spożywczego Fig. 6. Variaion in EFCH and TECH in food indusry branches compared o secor mean Rys. 6. Zróżnicowanie efekywności i posępu echnologicznego w branżach przemysłu spożywczego w porównaniu do średniej całego sekora 260

7 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev., CONCLUDING REMARKS The paper presens an analysis of changes in produciviy of he Polish food secor in he years based on he Malmquis produciviy inde. Resuls made i possible o idenify he general rend for changes in produciviy for he enire food secor and is individual branches. Resuls of his analysis indicae ha in he years produciviy of he food secor was improving. In he enire secor he mean annual MPI for he analysed period was above, showing appro. 3% mean annual increase in produciviy for he whole secor. In urn, beween individual periods produciviy was found boh o increase and decrease. The highes mean annual MPI values were recorded in mea processing, dairy producion and producion of beverages. Addiionally, mea processing in comparison o he oher branches was characerised by changes greaer han he secor average boh in he mean annual echnical change and echnical efficiency. Decomposiion of he calculaed Malmquis indees made i possible o idenify facors deermining changes in produciviy of he food secor in Poland. I was found ha he primary facor affecing changes in produciviy of Polish agriculure in he firs period following Poland s accession o he EU ( ) was conneced wih improvemen of echnical efficiency. Ne in he years echnological progress had a significan effec, while from he onse of he economic crisis (2008/2009) again improvemen of echnical efficiency in individual branches gained in imporance for he improvemen in produciviy. These analyses hus only parially confirmed he proposed hypohesis, since echnical change was he primary facor for he improvemen in produciviy of he food secor in Poland only in he years In he firs years following Poland s accession o he EU and from 2008 he main facor for he improvemen of produciviy was conneced wih an increase in echnical efficiency of individual branches. REFERENCES Baran, J., Pierzak, M. (2007). Analiza efekywności wybranych branż polskiego agrobiznesu bazująca na meodzie DEA. Rocz. Nauk. SERiA, 9, 3, 5 9. Bieńkowski, J., Jankowiak, J., Dąbrowicz, R., Holka, M. (202). Porównanie produkcyjności ogólnej polskiego rolnicwa na le krajów Unii Europejskiej. Rocz. Nauk. SERiA, 5, 2, Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., Tone, K. (2007). Daa Envelopmen Analysis, A Comprehensive Te wih Models, Applicaions, References and DEA-Solver Sofware. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Drożdż, J., Urban, R. (202). Problemy sekora spożywczego w Polsce. Przem. Spoż., 66, 8/9, Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., Zhang, Z. (994). Produciviy Growh, Technical Progress, and Efficiency Change in Indusrialized Counries. Am. Econ. Rev., 84,, Kacperska, E. M. (200). Konkurencyjność polskich arykułów rolno-spożywczych na rynkach międzynarodowych w laach Rocz. Nauk. SERiA, 2, 4, Łukiewska, K. (204). Produkywność w przemyśle spożywczym w Polsce poziom i międzybranżowe zróżnicowanie. Rocz. Nauk. Ekon. Roln. Rozw. Obsz. Wiej., 0,, Michalczyk, J. (20). Przemiany w polskim przemyśle spożywczym po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej. Ekonomia, 4(6), Pawlak, K. (2009). Zdolność konkurencyjna polskiego sekora rolno-spożywczego w handlu wewnąrzwspólnoowym. Zagad. Ekon. Roln., 3, 5 3. Pocza, W. (2008). Skala korzyści uzyskiwanych przez rolnicwo w wyniku wejścia Polski do UE (analiza uwzględniająca zróżnicowanie regionalne, główne kierunki produkcji rolnej i główne ypy gospodarsw rolnych w pierwszym okresie akcesji laa ). In: R. Urban (Ed.), Wpływ inegracji z Unią Europejską na polską gospodarkę żywnościową. Warszawa: IERiGŻ-PIB. Szczepaniak, I. (202). Wskaźnikowa ocena międzynarodowej konkurencyjności przemysłu spożywczego, In: I. Szczepaniak (Ed.), Monioring i ocena konkurencyjności polskich producenów żywności (p ). Warszawa: IERiGŻ-PIB. Zielińska-Głębocka, A. (Ed.). (2003). Poencjał konkurencyjny polskiego przemysłu w warunkach inegracji europejskiej. Gdańsk: Wyd. Uniwersyeu Gdańskiego. 26

8 Baran, J. (206). Changes in produciviy of seleced branches of he Polish food secor in he years J. Agribus. Rural Dev., ZMIANY PRODUKTYWNOŚCI WYBRANYCH BRANŻ POLSKIEGO PRZEMYSŁU SPOŻYWCZEGO W LATACH Sreszczenie. Celem arykułu jes określenie zmian produkywności całego polskiego przemysłu spożywczego i jego wybranych branż w okresie Badania przeprowadzono, bazując na indeksie produkywności Malmquisa (Malmquis Produciviy Inde, MPI). Do modelu MPI przyjęo jako zmienne: efek produkcję sprzedaną (mln zł) oraz nakłady przecięne zarudnienie (ys.) i warość bruo środków rwałych (mln zł). Powierdzono, że w laach polski przemysł spożywczy odnoował poprawę produkywności. Wyniki badań wykazały, że większy wpływ na zmianę produkywności przemysłu spożywczego w Polsce miały zmiany efekywności echnicznej szczególnie w pierwszym okresie po akcesji do UE oraz od 2009 r., czyli od momenu kryzysu gospodarczego. Posęp echnologiczny znacząco wpływał na poprawę produkywności przemysłu spożywczego jedynie w laach Najwyższą średnioroczną poprawę produkywności w badanym okresie osiągnęły branże przewórswa mięsa i mleka oraz produkcja napojów. Słowa kluczowe: przemysł spożywczy, produkywność, indeks produkywności Malmquisa Acceped for prin Zaakcepowano do druku: