L INSTITUT D ARCHEOLOGIE DE L UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES NOUVELLE SERIE 1

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1 L INSTITUT D ARCHEOLOGIE DE L UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES NOUVELLE SERIE 1 KRAKÓW 2009

2 Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University Kraków 2009 REDACTION Wojciech Blajer CONSEIL EN REDACTION Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Joachim Śliwa, Paweł Valde-Nowak TRADUCTION Piotr Godlewski, Romana Kiełbasińska et auteurs des articles SECRETAIRE DE LA REDACTION Marcin S. Przybyła ILLUSTRATIONS Urszula Bąk, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Urszula Socha et auteurs des articles MAQUETTE DE COUVERTURE Jacek Poleski MISE EN PAGES Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna PROFIL Magdalena Dzięgielewska EN COUVERTURE Trois figurines d ivoire de site prédynastique de Tell el-farkha ADRESSE DE LA REDACTION Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL Kraków ISSN Cette publication est financée aux moyens destinés à l activité statutaire de la Faculté d Histoire de l Université Jagellonne

3 CONTENU To Readers and co-authors of Recherches Archéologiques 7 FOUILLES ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN POLOGNE Bolesław Ginter, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: Dzierżysław 35 an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III) Paweł Valde-Nowak: Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005 Tobias L. Kienlin, Paweł Valde-Nowak: Bronzezeitliches Siedlungswesen im Vorfeld der polnischen Westkarpaten: Geomagnetische Untersuchungen und Geländebegehungen im Bereich des Dunajectals Wojciech Blajer: Die Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 5 in Lipnik, Kr. Przeworsk (Siedlung der Trzciniec-Kultur, Gräberfeld der Tarnobrzeg-Gruppe), in den Jahren (7. 9. Grabungssaison) Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons Ulana Zielińska: Bone material from the Lusatian culture settlement in Witów Karol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz: Investigations in at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie Agnieszka Klimek, Łukasz Oleszczak, Zbigniew Robak: Forschungen an der Fundstelle der Lausitzer Kultur in Sufczyce, Fst. 8, Kr. Staszów, im Jahre 2005 Marcin S. Przybyła: Sondierungsausgrabungen auf der Siedlung aus der Bronzezeit und der römischen Kaiserzeit in Markowa, Kr. Łańcut, Fst. 85 Marzena J. Przybyła: Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004 Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: Rescue excavations on the Late Roman period settlement on site 3 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie Renata Madyda-Legutko, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak, Joanna Zagórska-Telega: Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten Renata Madyda-Legutko, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak: Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit) Marcin Biborski: Abschließende Grabungsuntersuchungen an der Fundstelle 8 in Mokra, Gde. Miedźno, Kr. Kłobuck, Woiw. Śląskie

4 4 Jacek Poleski: Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years Dariusz Niemiec: Fragment der städtischen Wehrmauer des Krakauer Kazimierz, freigelegt 2005 an der Podgórska-Straße im Bereich des Spitals der Barmherzigen Brüder Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologische Grabungen im Bereich des Wróblewski-Collegium der Jagiellonen Universität in Kraków in den Jahren Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologisch-architektonische Untersuchungen im Hof des Collegium Novum der Jagiellonen-Universität in Kraków in den Jahren RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES A L ETRANGER Valery Sitlivy, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Margarita Koumouzelis, Panagiotis Karkanas: The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson: Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades) Marek Nowak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Tomasz Kalicki, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Georgiy I. Litvinyuk, Marian Vizdal: A settlement of the early Eastern Linear Pottery Culture at Moravany (Eastern Slovakia) Preliminary report on seasons 2004 and 2006 Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-farkha in 2006 Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: The catalogue of graves from Tell el-farkha Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Eugenia F. Redina, Jarosław Bodzek, Wojciech Machowski: The Koshary Project (Ukraine, Odessa province), seasons Wiesław Koszkul, Jarosław Źrałka, Bernard Hermes: Archaeological Investigations at Nakum, Peten, Guatemala: New Data on the Site s Development and the Discovery of a Royal Tomb Radosław Palonka, Kristin Kuckelman: Goodman Point Pueblo: Research on the Final Period of Settlement of the Ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Mesa Verde Region, Colorado, USA. The Preliminary Report, Seasons THESES DE DISSERTATIONS Jacek Poleski: Frühmittelalterliche Burgen am Dunajec Grażyna Bąkowska: Oriental elements in the iconography of magical gems (1 st 3 rd centuries A.D.) Marcin Biborski: Schwerter aus der jüngeren und spätrömischen Kaiserzeit sowie der Frühphase der Völkerwanderungszeit aus dem Gebiet des europäischen Barbaricums und des Römischen Kaiserreichs. Typologie, Chronologie, Identifizierung römischer Erzeugnisse

5 5 Mikołaj Budzanowski: The cult niches on the upper court of the temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-bahari. Royal cult aspects in the Temple of Millions of Years Djeser-Djeseru during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: Burial custom in Lower Egypt in the Pre- and Early Dynastic period Anna Gawlik: Scythian influences on the western and north-western borderlands of Great Scythia Dorota Gorzelany: Burial form vs. ideologia funeraria. Formation of monumental tombs in Macedonia in the Classical and Hellenistic periods and their impact on the funerary complexes of Alexandria Wojciech Machowski: Kurgans in the necropoleis of ancient cities on the Black Sea northern coast Jacek Pierzak: Mittelalterliche Topfhelme auf polnischem Boden im Hinblick auf Westeuropa Aleksandra Zięba: The Middle Palaeolithic in Kraków region: Piekary IIa and Kraków ul. Księcia Józefa sites, in European context Leszek Zinkow: Legacy of the Ancient Egypt in Polish literature (until 1914) Jarosław Źrałka: Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya sites located in the Triangulo Park area and the problem of their collapse Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Wojciech Machowski, Marta Kania: Black Sea links: exhibition and conference in Cracow

6 Recherches Archéologiques SN 1, 2009, ISSN Paweł Valde-Nowak Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków Introduction One of the achievements of the studies conducted so far and focused on the extent and forms of Younger Stone Age settlement in the Polish Carpathians consists in providing a supporting evidence for an apparently obvious conclusion that the territorial distribution of Neolithic traces is not homogenous. It appears that the areas with a relatively full sequence of Younger Stone Age settlement are rare. We can mention here only the edge of the Foothills with adjoining sub-carpathian loess patches, and the exceptional situation which has been lately discovered in the Wiśnicz Foothills, on the territories between the Dunajec and Uszwica rivers (Fig. 1, Photo 1). Clusters of large settlements located there, attributed to the Linear Band Pottery culture and the Lengyel-Polgar complex, find no parallels in the neighboring uplands. Other vast upland territories can be considered as a domain of Corded settlement or, in some places, both Beaker and Corded settlement (Valde-Nowak 2001). Scarce sites of the Baden culture from the area at the exit of the Raba valley and from adjoining hills of the Wieliczka Foothills do not change this picture. Thus, in the Carpathians, areas with strongly reduced sequences of occupational phases are predominant, which has considerable paleographic consequences. To describe it more vividly besides the territorially very confined enclaves of Linear settlement, Neolithization of many Carpathian regions started with the Corded Ware culture, and only here and there, particularly in the Dynów and Strzyżów Forelands, with the Funnel Beaker culture. The latter probably was not very dynamic and is represented by small settlements and numerous isolated finds (Gancarski 2000; compare also remarks in: Nowak 2001, 137, as well as the hypothesis about the Beaker-Corded sequence Machnik 1989; 1992). Against this background, the culmination of the Wiśnicz Foothills between Łoniowa (commune Dębno), Żerków and Biesiadki (commune Gnojnik) appears as a quite exceptional area in the Carpathians. There is much evidence suggesting the presence of a complete Neolithic culturechronological sequence in this region. Scope and course of investigations Archeological site /80 at Łoniowa was discovered during the Polish Archeological Record survey in spring 1994 (Cetera, Okoński 1996). It is located in top parts of the Wiśnicz Foothills in the watershed of the Dunajec and Uszwica rivers (Fig. 2, Photo 2). The site is destructed by deep plough and ground leveling resulting in the creation

7 16 Paweł Valde-Nowak of field terraces. The reconnaissance excavations were conducted there in 1996 (Valde-Nowak 1998). They led to the discovery of remains of a long house belonging to the Linear Band Pottery culture, preserved only rudimentarily (house no. 1). Fieldwalking verification of the site performed in 1997, was continued in subsequent seasons (including 2003), and revealed the presence of dark areas containing archeological material attributed to various Neolithic cultures. In , traces of more than twenty Neolithic features were detected in a trench Fig. 1. Location of the Early Neolithic settlement cluster on the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Polish Western Carpathians 1 In years investigations of the settlement at Łoniowa were financed from the budget of the project Early farming adaptation on the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlement at Łoniowa (KBN H 01H ). In season 2006, excavations at Łoniowa (106-63/80) and Żerków (106-63/65), together with the Fig. 2. Łoniowa, com. Dębno (site 18) against the background of the Wiśnicz Foothills between the Uszwica and Dunajec rivers

8 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians covering the area of 150 m 2. Among them, some were the remains of another Linear Band Pottery pillar-type feature on this site (house no. 2) (Fig. 3, Photo 3). The western half of a long pit, so-called clay-pit (feature 11) adjoining to the house from the west was explored. In addition, a cluster of pits containing the Malice culture material (among other things: pits 7 8) was partially investigated. The exploration of southern and central parts of a long house was continued in It included clay-pits and several dozen postholes. In central part of the house, outlines of two inner cellars were discovered, which formed an integral part of a household (Photo 4). One of them (feature 19) was explored and yielded a few pottery shards decorated in the Želiezovce style. So far, cellars beneath houses attributed to this culture were not known. While exploring the second cellar -pit (feature 23), a deposit of 12 flint blades was found, comprising, among other things, two fragments of sickles made of imported flint. Feature 22 was explored the same year. It turned out to be the Bronze Age cremation grave of the Piliny culture. Field works at site 18 in Łoniowa were continued in They were focused on a complete uncovering of a house assigned to the Linear Band Pottery culture and archeological reconnaissance on the site at Biesiadki (106-63/62) gained additional financing from the reserves of the Dean of the Faculty of History of the Jagiellonian University. The same year, students of archeology from the Jagiellonian University and from the Gdańsk University had their obligatory trainings there. The expedition was hosting students from the Universities in Tübingen and Leipzig too. We were provided with an immense organizational help from the district administration in Brzesko (Starostwo Brzeskie). I would like to express particular thanks to the head of the district Grzegorz Wawryka, M.Eng. I am also very grateful to the Volunteer Fire Fighters and to Roman Catholic Parish in Łoniowa, as well as to the authorities of the Primary School at Złota. Fig. 3. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Plan of house 2 discovered in the site s southern part during earlier investigations. This goal was fully attained. Owing to the extension of northern part of the excavation area (including the field belonging to T. Pabian, and the next one about 800 m 2 in total) the remains of

9 18 Paweł Valde-Nowak a very large structure (41 meters long, 7.60 meters wide) were found. This structure diverges in many constructional details from the known European standards. Among these elements one should mention (Fig. 3): specific apses in clay-pits located along the longer walls of the house, marks of an enclosure in southern part, and first of all two cellar -pits partially investigated in 2004, synchronic with the household as was shown by research conducted the next year. One of these pits (pit 23) can be considered as a grave (Fig. 5), due to its regular outline (rectangular with rounded corners), flat bottom and a set of portable objects found in it (a fine-ware cup, 12-pieces flint deposit and two microliths-trapezoids made of Jurassic flint). It should be stressed though, that no bone material was preserved at this site (except for the cremation grave from the Bronze Age). In 2006, small checking excavations were conducted in site 18 at Łoniowa, to the west from the house uncovered the previous year. Because of unfavorable layout of crops it was impossible to explain the chronology and character of a small ditch recorded during the previous season. The ditch ran perpendicularly to the house in its northern part, then turned at the right angle and followed parallel to the clay-pit, but its stratigraphic relation with the clay-pit remains partially unclear. The works performed in 2006 encompassed also site 1 at Żerków, known previously only from the Polish Archeological Record survey investigations (Cetera, Okoński 1996). It is located no more than 700 meters to the WSW from site 18 at Łoniowa. 23 features were investigated in the course of field works. Three of them turned out to be clay-pits related to a long house of the Linear Band Pottery culture. The rest were postholes, also connected with this house. Fig. 4. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Pit 19 and adjacent postholes on the level 30 cm, with profiles Fig. 5. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Feature 23 and adjacent postholes on the level 30 and 40 cm, with profiles. The location of a cup (A), flint deposit (B), two trapezoids made of Kraków Jurassic flint (C) and remains of an object made of organic matter (D) are shown

10 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians The plans for season 2006 included also the excavations on site 65 at Biesiadki, ca. 1.5 km in a straight line from the site at Żerków. Unfortunately, surprisingly quick works connected with the water supply system conducted by the Gnojnik commune destructed a considerable part of the site. The works were realized without conforming to the heritage protection rules. Ad hoc organized rescue works allowed recording several Linear Band Pottery culture features together with some features from later periods 2. Main results From among three sites mentioned above (Łoniowa, Żerków, Biesiadki), only the excavations conducted at Łoniowa for several years can be considered as completed, in the sense that the plans have been realized. According to oral decisions of the heritage Conservator A. Cetera, M.A., some features in northern part of the house were only documented in their ceiling parts, without further exploration. In all, 155 archeological features were recorded, including three Malice culture features and one cremation pit grave of the Bronze Age Piliny culture. The latter yielded a rim part of a smoothsurfaced vessel (reconstructed from several fragments), a clay spindle-whorl and a burnt-out flint blade. Owing to an exceptional character of cellar-pits (features 19 and 23), they will be discussed in more detail below. Feature 19 Shape resembling a rectangle, with one side convex; dimensions: m. Flat bottom 80 cm below the ground level. Humus fill. 2 Kind information from Andrzej Szpunar, M.A., and Agnieszka Mirek-Kukułka, M.A., from the Regional Museum in Tarnów, the authors of these works. Inventory: 8 fragments of delicate pottery, including 7 fragments decorated with incised lines (one fragment of a rim). Three of them were dec- orated with typical early-želiezovce zigzag line with cuts on carination, with remains of red incrustation in the incisions. Surface of these fragments is strongly polished, 13 fragments of kitchen-ware pottery, including one rim, a chip of Kraków Jurassic flint, daub. Feature 23 Rectangular shape with rounded corners; dimensions: m. Flat bottom 80 cm below the ground level. In its eastern part the bottom was at 60 cm below the ground level. Therefore, a bottom line profile formed a step-like fault. Humus fill. The feature disturbed three postholes of the western wall. The feature itself was disturbed by a posthole of one of the roof carrying poles (Fig. 5, Photo 4). Inventory: a bowl (reconstructed from several fragments) with Želiezovce ornament (Fig. 8), flint deposit consisting of 12 pieces: 1 uniplatform flake core of conical shape made of Kraków Jurassic flint, 6 flakes (2 massive) of the same raw-material, 1 flake of chocolate flint, 1 proximal part of obsidian flake, 1 burin spall of the Kraków Jurassic flint, 2 strongly polished sickle-blades of chocolate flint (Fig. 6 7), two trapezoids of the Kraków Jurassic flint (one complete, the second with one side not retouched) (Fig. 8), daub. As already mentioned, in the course of excavations on site /65 at Żerków a fragment of a Linear Band Pottery long house was recorded. Central part of the

11 20 Paweł Valde-Nowak house i.e. postholes of both the western and eastern wall, much larger (and cut deeper) central postholes, and three clay-pits were investigated. Due to a significant depth of clay-pits, considerably exceeding 1 m, their bottom parts will be explored in Deep within one of the eastern clay-pits, a miniature clay vessel was found among typical Linear Band Pottery material. It was decorated with cuts on the body and protrusions in the upper part (Fig. 11). It cannot be excluded that this vessel was used as an oil-lamp. This is suggested by a charred substance found inside and a kind of pottery mass used. As to the third site mentioned Biesiadki (106-63/62) at the moment, it is difficult to present any binding conclusions about chronology of early farming settlement. Chronology and attempted interpretation of finds from site 18 at Łoniowa A set of portable objects from feature 23 and from many other stratigraphic contexts such as postholes and clay-pits is homogenous and refers to the III phase of the Linear Band Pottery culture development in Poland. It represents the Želiezovce style (group/phase), from the earliest stage of its development (according to J. Pavuk). This is evidenced by decoration of fine ware vessels in the form of double incised lines with cuttings. In some cases, a double incised line forms a zigzag. Both ornamental motifs, that is horizontal incised double lines with cuttings on the upper part of a vessel, and zigzag double lines with cuttings on its lower part, are preserved on a cup from grave-like feature 23. Almost identical vessel comes from Nitra and is recognized by J. Pavuk (1967, 322, fig. 36:4) as typical of the oldest stage of the Želiezovce group development. Typological-stylistic dating is fully supported by radiocarbon (AMS) results for grave (feature 23) and two Fig. 6. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Elements of flint deposit in feature 23. Numbers consistent with figure 7 postholes obtained in the framework of our project, and by the presence of a few shards with white paste incrustation, imported from the south, probably from eastern Slovakia or Slovakian Zips. They represent the Bükk culture. Settlement of the Malice culture at the site in Łoniowa has references to its classic phase. In archeological material, one can distinguish a series of pottery with stroke ornament, fragments of a small beaker with a hollow foot. In assemblages of the Linear Band Pottery culture, similarly to those of the Malice culture, numerous flint artifacts made of Little Poland flints and artifacts of eastern Slovakia obsidian attract attention. Archeobotanic samples contained vegetable macro-remains. The traces of a Linear Band Pottery house are less apparent in the northern part. Nevertheless, it was possible to document also a characteristic ditch, which marked out NW and NE corners of the house (Fig. 3). It means that the outline of the house is complete, which in addition to explaining the stratigraphic relation between the house

12 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians Fig. 7. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Stone artifacts from deposit found in feature 23. Numbers consistent with figure , 9 11 Kraków Jurassic flint, 6 8 chocolate flint, 12 obsidian

13 22 Paweł Valde-Nowak Fig. 8. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18, feature 23. A bowl with Želiezovce ornament and two trapezoids made of Kraków Jurassic flint (one not finished) and grave (feature 23) is undoubtedly an achievement. Three years of excavations on site 18 at Łoniowa, commune Dębno, have resulted in documenting Neolithic sequence of occupation of the Wiśnicz Foothills central part by Linear Band Pottery and Malice culture communities. Thus it became possible to define more precisely the earlier cultural identification of the site (Cetera, Okoński 1996; Okoński 1997, ), which pointed to the existence of Lengyel culture settlement (20 pottery shards and 22 flints) and traces of settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture (1 vessel fragment). Small excavations conducted in 1996 led to the discovery of a strongly destructed fragment of a pillar-type house: house 1 (Valde- Nowak 1998). One can mention here, that until recently, early Neolithic settlements with traces of houses constructed entirely on the earth s surface have been quite rare in Little Poland. In years the remains of another, better preserved house were completely uncovered and explored: house 2. These excavations included also features from other periods discovered within the area of the settlement. The works focused mainly on establishing the duration and phases of occupation. It was possible to establish that the oldest settlement phase refers to the third stage of the Linear Band Pottery (German abbreviation: LBK) culture development in Little Poland, called the Želiezovce phase (Pavuk 1969; 1994). As was already mentioned, the next phase falls on classic phase of the Malice culture development (Michalak-Ścibor 1996, 47). Since the Wiśnicz Foothills are considerably distant from the nearest known LBK settlements in Little Poland or Slovakia, one could expect that this new, hitherto unstudied center would show some specific local characteristics, e.g. typological-stylistic ones. However, analyses of the acquired

14 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians Tab. 1. Results of radiocarbon dating (AMS) from C14 Laboratory in Poznań Sample name Laboratory symbol C14 Age Ło 1 Poz BP Feature 9 Malice culture, inventory number 36/03 Ło 2 Poz BP Feature 23 (Linear Band Pottery culture grave) inventory number 41/04 Ło 3 Poz BP Feature 88 (Linear Band Pottery culture posthole) inventory number 12/05 Ło 4 Poz BP Feature 111 (Linear Band Pottery culture posthole) inventory number 2/05 Żerków, site 1 Poz BP Feature 21/06 (Linear Band Pottery culture claypit) records although not completed as yet do not support these expectations. Assemblages precisely correspond to known models worked out on the basis of classic LBK inventories from Slovakia. However, a number of differences are noticeable in the characteristic of the site as a whole. This concerns, above all, the topographic position and details of a fully excavated house. During the field works, partial washing out of fills was performed, mainly in order to collect material for archeobotanic analyses. Thanks to the cooperation with a geographer-pedologist Prof. S. Skiba, it was possible to explain a significant destruction of the site surface as well as the lack of preserved bone remains (except for charred human bones from the Bronze Age grave) by high acidity of the soil. Linear Band Pottery culture features can be grouped into four categories: postholes of two kinds: large, with diameter reaching 45 cm, dug into the ground down to 50 cm counting from the level of the first clearing, and smaller pits having an average diameter of 25 cm and depth of about 25 cm (in southern part of the excavations) or about 5 cm (in its northern part); clay-pits more than 30 m long and 2.40 m wide. These are features 11, 24 27, 155; traces of ditches between ten and twenty cm wide, noticed in northern part of the excavated area. These are features 143, 151, 153; two cellar - pits (no. 19 and 23), roughly rectangular with rounded corners and dimensions of about cm. Considering the shape of feature 23, as well as the inventory it produced, its sepulchral function should be accepted. A similar function cannot be ruled out in the case of feature 19 as well. Fig. 9. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Fragment of a bowl of the Bukk culture with ornament incrusted with white paste (feature 8)

15 24 Paweł Valde-Nowak Fig. 10. Łoniowa, com. Dębno, site 18. Axe of greenish metamorphic rock and Malice culture pottery (feature 9)

16 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians In the course of field works it turned out that site 18 at Łoniowa is a multicultural and vast settlement (about 3 ha) and nearly 800 m 2 were explored. Apart from Malice features (so far not detected in the Carpathians), the remains of a long (41.5 m), early Neolithic house were discovered. One can notice its slightly trapezoid shape (width of gable ends: 7.6 m, 7.1 m), referring already to later (Lengyel) houses. One of the achievements of field works is a complete recording of traces of the house, and acquiring proofs of synchronization of all of its structural elements. In many aspects the house in question is an exceptional feature. The long house from Łoniowa differs in several respects from known European houses of the LBK population. The first difference is a surprising presence of apses in the outline of both clay-pits which accompany such houses at the western and eastern sides. It is difficult to explain a role of such shaped clay-pits. It can be supposed that they could play some role in channeling water from the roof. Alternatively, they could be an element of irrigation, supplying water to hollows from which clay was being dug out for use in plastering the walls. Another original element are traces of an arc-like enclosure at southern side of the house. However, an entirely new element in early Neolithic architecture (meaning the Linear Band Pottery culture) are two pits, located within outlines of the house, next to the western wall. As mentioned before, initially they were interpreted as cellars, although on none of the hundreds of European sites with houses of that type such cellars were discovered. After the exploration of the features in question, a totally different interpretation can be assumed. At least one of these features (pit 23) should be considered a grave. Its fill produced an original set of artifacts, well embedded in the standard of the Linear Band Pottery grave equipment throughout all of its European range. This set contained a 12-pieces flint deposit, undoubtedly placed in a container made of organic matter (its trace was preserved in the soil), a small cup and two trapezoids of the Jurassic-Kraków flint. The cup refers to numerous Linear Band Pottery grave assemblages, similarly equipped, for example Gerlingen Bergheimer Weg, Mannheim-Vogelsang Am Elkersberg, Waiblingen Wasserstube and many others (Orschiedt 1998, plate 1 2, 4 5, compare also Nieszery 1995). Bones could not be preserved due to geochemical conditions (in no feature on the site bone material was found). An important result of the investigations carried out on Łoniowa settlement is the elucidation of stratigraphic relation between a house and grave in it. Undoubtedly, these two structures are synchronous. This is evidenced by a double superposition: grave - pit (feature 23) disturbs postholes of the western wall (features 70, 73, 74), and is, in turn, disturbed by a hole prepared for one of the central poles (feature 75). Adjacent pit (no 19) also clearly disturbs the postholes of the western wall (features 12 13, 69). It is worth mentioning here that during the final phase of excavations at Łoniowa and Żerków, traces of another Linear Band Pottery house were discovered near the northern margin of the Polish Carpathians. This discovery took place on site 40 at Brzezie, commune Kłaj, district Wieliczka, and is dated, like in the case of house 2 from Łoniowa, to the Želiezovce phase. A comparison of the outlines and other characteristics reveals a number of similarities. Although the house from Brzezie is considerably shorter (ca. 27 m long), long clay-pits can be noticed along its longer walls similarly to the western wall of the house from Łoniowa (along the eastern wall of the latter house one can notice a few clay-pits, which

17 26 Paweł Valde-Nowak Fig. 11. Żerów, com. Gnojnik, site 1. Miniature vessel (oil-lamp?) from eastern clay-pit of Linear Band Pottery house 1, dated to the Želiezovce phase on the upper, not preserved level could have been one ditch. The house from Brzezie too has a slightly trapezoid shape and traces of a curved fence, although it is located at the opposite end as compared to Łoniowa. The most important is that two cellar-pits were discovered 3 in central part of the house close by the western wall at its inner side, similarly to Łoniowa. The excavations at Brzezie did not yield evidence confirming the contemporaneity of these features with the pillartype house. But the case of Łoniowa, owing to the above-mentioned similarities, seems to indicate such synchronization. It is worth mentioning here, that further Neolithic long houses have been recently discovered in Brzezie and Targowisko region (compare Czekaj-Zastawny 2006 see there for further references). The discovery of a burial (burials?) within the Linear Band Pottery house, connected with the time of its occupation, is an isolated fact and therefore it is a fact of great significance. Burying the dead within the settlement is almost a rule in the milieu of the 3 Unpublished excavations of Dr. Piotr Włodarczak from I would like to thank Dr. Piotr Włodarczak for kindly providing me with access to the results of the investigations at Brzezie. Linear Band Pottery culture (compare Pavuk 1994; Jeunesse 1997; Orschiedt 1998), although there existed separate cemeteries at that period. Among hundreds of investigated LBK houses, the above situation has not been recorded. It is difficult to speculate at the moment. As a hypothesis one can debate a special destination of house 2 from Łoniowa, which could perhaps have served as a place of special (ritual?) meetings. This could be suggested also by very large dimensions of the house. We can mention here the longest house (no 6) from Olszanica, located centrally in the cluster of houses, which has the same length as the feature from Łoniowa (Kruk 1980, 88). Many such conjectures can be made, evoking the comments on the relation Linear Band Pottery graves-houses established in Kuyavia (compare Pyzel 2006, , plate 32 see there for further references). It is impossible not to comment on a flint deposit from pit 23 and discovery of two trapezoids in this assemblage. Treating these finds separately from a supposed burial it should be remarked that from the Linear Band Pottery culture we know only one flint deposit from Puławy-Włostowice. It consists of three cores and three blades made of the Świeciechów flint (Kaflińska 2004; 2006, 7, 14 see there for further references). As to raw material composition, and in particular the typology of artifacts, the deposit from Łoniowa is completely different from basic characteristic of Neolithic deposits of flint objects. The latter are either like in Puławy-Włostowice deposits of semi-raw material, or complete products in the form of stone axes and battleaxes. Two trapezoids from pit 23 find the closest parallels in materials from a nearby settlement at Gwoździec (Kukułka 2002, 36, fig. 18: a c). Interesting enough, they were produced of Slovakian (or Hungarian?) limnoquartzite. The lack of connections between

18 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians stone assemblage from pit 23 and Neolithic deposits can be an indirect evidence for the sepulchral character of the inventory from Łoniowa. It should also be added that flint trapezoids are frequent among grave inventories on Vedrovice cemetery in Moravia (Mateiciucová 2002b; 2004, 99). Another peculiarity of the settlement at Łoniowa is its location with respect to the lay of the land. Unlike other LBK sites, it is located exactly on the Wiśnicz Foothills culmination, on the Dunajec and Uszwica watershed. Hundreds of LBK sites discovered so far were always located in low landscape zones, close to rivers and streams. Clusters of big Linear settlements located in upper parts of prominent hills of the Carpathian Foreland with difficulty can be compared with the topography of other Polish sites attributed to the Linear cultures (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1973; Kruk 1980; Grygiel 2004, , fig. 75). Such location is exceptional at the scale of European range of early and middle Neolithic settlement (Sangmeister 1983; Lüning, Stehli 1989, 115, 118, fig. 6, fig. 9; Bakels, Lüning 1990; Pavlů 2000; Stöckli 2002, 50, fig. 38; Zimmermann 2002, 34, fig. 16; Zimmermann et al. 2004, 69, fig. 10). It is not easy to explain this phenomenon. The explanation might refer to a transit role of the whole settlement. On the other hand, one should remember that in the Carpathians it is a common phenomenon that cold air sinks to the valleys and stays there for a long time, while the upper parts of foothills and mountain tops are much longer warmed by the sun. Therefore, a zone of occupation located at a higher altitude could be, in early Neolithic conditions, optimal for settlement and economy. Not so long ago, more strongly supported has become the thesis postulated earlier with regard to the end phase of Neolithic settlement in the Polish Carpathians (Machnik 1961; 1966; Kruk 1980) which posits that a variant of pastoral economy with seasonal settlement, similar to transhumance was possible in the Neolithic (Valde-Nowak 1995; Bronowicki, Valde-Nowak 1999; Valde- Nowak, Weißmüller 1994). One element of this model is stable settlement, located at the foot of the mountains. This concerns Younger and Late Neolithic, but does not apply to settlement of the Linear complex in spite of important suggestions that long-distance moves connected with cattle pasturage were already undertaken at that period (Kalis, Zimmermann 1988). Comprehensive studies on the sites at Żerków and Łoniowa give more evidence for explaining the phenomenon of highly localized settlements. They can also contribute to the explanation of a possible connection between these villages and mobile forms of settlement, more than usually linked with breeding, which were so early developing in the Carpathians. This is one of possible hypotheses. Trying to propose another one it should be reminded, that diffusion of cultural elements through the West-Carpathian passes was noticed long time ago (e.g. Kulczycka, Kozłowski 1961; Kozłowski 1964; Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1979). The debate about the existence of mountain routes in prehistory and in medieval times is a kind of classics in archeology of the mountains (compare Żaki 1962; 1968). For many years only a transit role was assigned to the mountains, and the possibility of occurrence of Neolithic traces having other character was treated with skepticism. New source studies and theoretical progress allowed establishing a mountain zone as the area of a specific activity of Neolithic man, in majority reduced to seasonal occupation (Valde-Nowak 1995; 2001; 2002). It caused that the issue of trans-carpathian routes has been remaining on the margins of research for the last 25 years. However, with reference to this problem we can indicate two

19 28 Paweł Valde-Nowak main routes of longitudinal migration of Linear population in the Polish Carpathians: the first, recognized already many years ago, through eastern passes (Valde-Nowak 1998) and further down the Wisłok and San valleys, and the second one outlined thanks to the Polish Archeological Record studies and the so called Zips Project. It led through the Poprad and Dunajec valleys, and followed upper parts of the Wiśnicz Foothills to the region of Łapczyca, Bochnia and Wieliczka. These two routes are fundamentally different. The eastern one is defined, so far, solely by isolated finds of stone and copper battle-axes. The second route is outlined by a cluster of sites in the Poprad Basin at southern piedmont of Spišská Magura (Matejovce Novotny et al. 1991; Stráne pod Tatrami Soják 2000, ; 2002; Gánovce Soják 2004a) and by many other sites with imported Polish flint (compare Soják 2004b, 75; 2006, 35 36), or even imported andesite from Mount Wżar (Sojak 2003, 123). One can also include here the already mentioned cluster from the Próg Czchowski (Czchów and Jurków Madej, Valde-Nowak 1998; Valde-Nowak 1997) and the Wiśnicz Foothills (Kukułka 1997; 1998; 2001; Valde-Nowak 1997; 1998; compare also Okoński 1997). Between these concentrations extends a mountain zone with no findings, although it must have been crossed by populations from both clusters. This route, contrary to the eastern one, is defined by extended villages, functioning probably for a long time, examples of which can be the settlements from Łoniowa, Żerków or Biesiadki. Their remains present significant source potential. More and more complete identification of this trans-carpathian route adds to the picture of Neolithic settlement in the Carpathians. It is also a particularly important element in attempts of reconstructing spread of farming from the south to the north and the inter-group contacts in Early and Middle Neolithic. Conclusions The investigations of the settlement at Łoniowa have provided new data to archeology of the Neolithic in southern Poland. It can be assumed that villages developing on the culmination of the Wiśnicz Foothills were basic elements of a local settlement network. An exceptionally small territorial distance between them, ca. 1 km, probably results from the fact that the upper part of the Foothills is divided. From such perspective, the cluster Łoniowa-Żerków-Biesiadki may be treated as one large village composed of several hamlets. A particularly impressive house with a grave (or rather graves) located in it indicates that the settlement at Łoniowa played a special role in the community of that time. Taking into account a significant raw-material potential as well as the level of flint technology evidenced by excavated flint assemblages it can be accepted that the settlement at Łoniowa was an important link in the trade route undoubtedly functioning along the Dunajec and Poprad rivers. Wczesnorolnicza adaptacja na Pogórzu Wiśnickim w Karpatach. Osady w Łoniowej i Żerkowie Na obszarze polskich Karpat niewiele jest obszarów o w miarę pełnej sekwencji osadnictwa z młodszej epoki kamienia. Możemy tu wskazać jedynie na próg Pogórza Karpackiego i sąsiadujące z nim tzw. subkarpackie płaty lessu, a także na zupełnie wyjątkową i pierwszoplanową z uwagi na istotę

20 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians zakończonego projektu sytuację, jaka w ostatnim czasie zarysowała się na Pogórzu Wiśnickim w międzyrzeczu Dunajca i Uszwicy. Zlokalizowane tu zgrupowania dużych osad ludności kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (KCWR) i cyklu lendzielsko-polgarskiego (CL-P) nie znajdują nawiązania na innych pogórzach. Pozostałe rozległe terytoria pogórskie możemy uznać za domenę osadnictwa sznurowego, w niektórych miejscach pucharowego i sznurowego. Takiego obrazu nie zmieniają nieliczne stanowiska kultury badeńskiej w Zatoce Gdowskiej i na przyległych garbach Pogórza Wielickiego. Przeprowadzone w latach badania wykopaliskowe osady wczesnoneolitycznej w Łoniowej, stan. 80 (AZP ), doprowadziły do odsłonięcia reliktów długiego domu słupowego ludności kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej z fazy żeliezowskiej. W jego wnętrzu odkryte zostały dwie jamy o zarysie zbliżonym do prostokątnego, pozostające w relacji stratygraficznej ze śladami konstrukcyjnymi domu. Na tej podstawie możemy być pewni, że obie wspomniane jamy powstały w trakcie jego budowy, bądź rozbudowy. Przynajmniej jedną z tych jam (nr 23) z uwagi na pochodzący z niej zespół zabytków ruchomych (czarka delikatnej roboty oraz 12-elementowy depozyt krzemieniarski, a także dwa zbrojniki-trapezy z krzemienia jurajskiego podkrakowskiego), możemy uznać za grób. Ponadto na stanowisku odkryte zostały obiekty kultury malickiej z klasycznej fazy jej rozwoju. Druga z osad, położona w Żerkowie (AZP /65), dostarczyła również materiałów z trzeciej, żeliezowskiej fazy rozwoju kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej. Także tu natrafiono na część długiego domu słupowego. Osobliwością zespołów ceramicznych z Żerkowa jest pojawienie się ornamentu karbu złożonego z trzech do pięciu dołków. Tego rodzaju ornament nie został stwierdzony w materiałach z domu w Łoniowej. Oba wymienione stanowiska, podobnie jak kilka sąsiednich, usytuowane są w najwyższej strefie krajobrazowej na kulminacji garbów pogórskich. Stanowi to odstępstwo od znanego z pełnego zasięgu kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej sytuowania tego typu założeń niemal wyłącznie w dolnych partiach stoków i na terasach. Z uwagi na znaczny dystans terytorialny Pogórza Wiśnickiego w stosunku do znanych najbliższych małopolskich i słowackich centrów osadnictwa wstęgowego, można było zakładać uchwycenie w tym nieznanym jeszcze ośrodku własnych cech, np. typologicznostylistycznych. Dotychczasowe, nie ukończone jeszcze analizy uzyskanych źródeł nie potwierdziły tego przypuszczenia. Zespoły zabytkowe odpowiadają dokładnie znanym wzorcom wypracowanym na przykładzie klasycznych kolekcji kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej w Słowacji. Przeprowadzone badania osady w Żerkowie wnoszą nowe treści do archeologii neolitu południowej Polski. Można przyjąć, że wioski rozwijające się na kulminacji Pogórza Wiśnickiego były podstawowym elementem lokalnej sieci osadniczej. Wyjątkowo mały dystans terytorialny pomiędzy nimi, wahający się ok. 1 km, jest zapewne wypadkową rozczłonkowania wierzchowiny pogórza. W takim ujęciu można zgrupowanie Łoniowa-Żerków-Biesiadki traktować jako jedną wielką osadę złożoną z kilku przysiółków. Z uwagi na wyjątkowo okazałą budowlę (Łoniowa) z umiejscowionym w niej grobem, lub raczej grobami, osada w Łoniowej pełniła funkcję szczególną w ówczesnej społeczności. Biorąc pod uwagę duży potencjał surowcowy i poziom techniki krzemieniarskiej reprezentowany przez odkryte zespoły krzemieniarskie, można przyjąć, że osada ta była ważnym ogniwem w szlaku komunikacyjnym niewątpliwie funkcjonującym wzdłuż Dunajca z Popradem.

21 30 Paweł Valde-Nowak References Bakels C., Lüning J., 1990 Pioneer farmers, (in:) J. Lüning (ed.), Scientific Europe, Heidelberg, pp Bronowicki J., Valde-Nowak J., 1999 Archeologia Sudetów w świetle wyników badań w Rudawach Janowickich, Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 35, pp Cetera A., Okoński J., 1996 Wyniki badań AZP na obszarze , typescript in the Archive of the State Heritage Service (Państwowa Służba Ochrony zabytków) at Tarnów, Tarnów. Czekaj Zastawny A., 2006 Osadnictwo kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej w Polsce południowowschodniej, typescript of PhD thesis, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Kraków. Gancarski J., 2000 Osadnictwo ludności kultury pucharów lejkowatych na północnym przedpolu Beskidu Niskiego, the lecture presented during the conference Neolit i początki epoki brązu w Karpatach polskich at Krosno, Grygiel R., 2004 Neolit i początki epoki brązu w rejonie Brześcia Kujawskiego i Osłonek, Łódź. Jeunesse Ch., 1997 Pratiques funeraires au neolithique ancien. Sepultures et necropoles danubiennes av. J. C., Paris. Kaflińska M., 2004 Neolityczne depozyty gromadne na ziemiach polskich, typescript of master thesis, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków Neolityczne depozyty gromadne na ziemiach polskich, Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 17, pp Kalis A., Zimmermann A., 1988 An integrative model for the use of different landscapes in Linearbandkeramik times, (in:) J. L. Bintliff, D. A. Davidson, E. Grant (eds), Conceptual issues in environmental archaeology, Edinburgh, pp Kozłowski J. K., 1974 Aus den Untersuchungen der östlichen Peripherien der Linien-Bandkeramik- Kultur, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 14, pp Kruk J., 1980 Gospodarka w Polsce południowo-wschodniej w V-III tysiącleciu p.n.e., Wrocław- Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk. Kukułka A., 1997 Badania sondażowe w Gwoźdźcu, stan. 2, Gm. Zakliczyn, woj. tarnowskie, Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 18, pp Drugi sezon wykopaliskowy na osadzie wczesnoneolitycznej w Gwoźdźcu, stan. 2, gm. Zakliczyn, Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, 19, pp Wczesnoneolityczna osada w Gwoźdźcu, gm. Zakliczyn, stan. 2 na Pogórzu Wiśnickim, (in:) J. Gancarski (ed.), Neolit i początki epoki brązu w Karpatach polskich, Krosno, pp

22 Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa A., 1973 Wczesnoneolityczne osadnictwo w dorzeczu Raby, (in:) J.Machnik (ed.), Z badań nad neolitem i wczesną epoką brązu w Małopolsce, Wrocław, pp Pierwsze społeczeństwa rolnicze na ziemiach polskich. Kultury kręgu naddunajskiego, (in:) W. Hensel (ed.), Prahistoria ziem polskich, 2, Neolit, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk, pp Kulczycka A., Kozłowski J. K., 1961 Pierwsze materiały kultury bukowogórskiej na północ od Karpat, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 2, pp Lüning J., Stehli P., 1989 Die Bandkeramik in Mitteleuropa: von Natur- zur Kulturlandschaft, (in:) J. Lüning (ed.), Siedlungen der Steinzeit. Spectrum der Wissenschaft: Verständliche Forschung, Heidelberg, pp Machnik J., 1961 Ze studiów nad kulturą ceramiki sznurowej, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 2, pp Studia nad kulturą ceramiki sznurowej w Małopolsce, Wrocław Wyniki najnowszych badań archeologicznych w Karpatach polskich i ich znaczenie dla innych dyscyplin naukowych, Rocznik PAN za rok 1988, pp Aus den Forschungen über die Schnurkeramikkultur auf dem nördlichen Vorfeld des Niederen Beskid, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 31, pp Madej P., Valde-Nowak P., 1998 Stanowisko 10 w Czchowie w świetle wyników prac wykopaliskowych w 1997 roku, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 34, pp Mateiciucová I., 2002a Silexartefakte und Gerölle im Gräberfeld der linearbandkeramischen Kultur in Vedrovice in Mähren, Prehistoria Alpina, 37, pp b Silexartefakte der ältesten und älteren LBK aus Brunn am Gebirge, Niederösterreich (Vorbericht), Anteus, 25, pp Mesolithic tradition and the origin of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), (in:) A. Lukes, M. Zvelebil (eds), LBK Dialogues. Studies in the formation of the Linear Pottery Culture, BAR International Series, 1304, pp Michalak-Ścibior J., 1996 Zagadnienie chronologii i periodyzacji kultury malickiej w świetle nowych źródeł z Wyżyny Sandomierskiej, (in:) J. K. Kozłowski (ed.), Kultura malicka. Drugi etap adaptacji naddunajskich wzorców kulturowych w neolicie północnej części środkowej Europy, Kraków, pp Nieszery N., 1995 Linearbandkeramische Gräberfelder in Bayern, Internationale Archäologie, 16, Espelkamp. Novotny B., Novotná M., Kovalčik R., 1991 Popradská kotlina v davnej minulosti, Poprad. Nowak M., 2001 Osadnicze i socjo-polityczne modele południowo-wschodniej grupy kultury pucharów lejkowatych, (in:) J. K. Kozlowski, E. Neustupny (eds), Archeologia Przestrzeni, Kraków, pp