AGNIESZKA SAMOCHOWIEC

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1 ANNALES ACADEMIAE MEDICAE STETINENSIS ROCZNIKI POMORSKIEJ AKADEMII MEDYCZNEJ W SZCZECINIE 2010, 56, 2, AGNIESZKA SAMOCHOWIEC THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTS PERSONALITY MEASURED BY TEMPERAMENTAL AND CHARACTER INVENTORY (TCI) ON COURSE OF ALCOHOLISM CHARACTERIZED BY CLONINGER S AND LESCH S TYPOLOGIES* WPŁYW CECH OSOBOWOŚCI RODZICÓW OCENIONYCH INWENTARZEM TEMPERAMENTU I CHARAKTERU (TCI) CLONINGERA NA PRZEBIEG UZALEŻNIENIA OD ALKOHOLU, CHARAKTERYZOWANEGO WEDŁUG TYPOLOGII CLONINGERA I LESCHA* Katedra i Klinika Psychiatrii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie Szczecin, ul. Broniewskiego 26 Kierownik: rof. dr hab. n. med. Jerzy Samochowiec Międzywydziałowe Studium Kształcenia Podylomowego Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Szczecin, ul. Szwoleżerów 18a Kierownik: dr Bazyli Baran Streszczenie Wstę: w literaturze brak jest danych dotyczących oisu wływu cech osobowości rodziców na redysozycje do uzależnienia się od alkoholu u otomka, a zwłaszcza w kontekście rzebiegu uzależnienia wg tyologii Cloningera czy Lescha. Materiał i metody: Przebadano 81 olskich rodzin rasy kaukaskiej. Średni wiek ojców wynosił 61,7 ± 10,8 lat, matek 59 ± 10 lat. U żadnego z rodziców nie stwierdzono kryteriów uzależnienia. Średni wiek robandów (synów) z otwierdzonym DNA synostwem wynosił 35,2 ± 9,7 lat. U wszystkich uczestników badania wykonano test osobowości, stosując olską walidowaną wersję Inwentarza Charakteru i Temeramentu (TCI). Charakterystyka głębokości uzależnienia, jego rzebieg i owikłania oisano za omocą olskiej wersji SSAGA (Semi Structural Assessment of Genetics of Alcoholism). Secjalnych kwestionariuszy użyto do oceny tyologii uzależnienia wg Lescha i Cloningera, a dane o wykluczeniu zesołu zależności alkoholowej u rodziców uzyskano stosując test AUDIT. Wyniki: Analiza rofilu osobowości mierzona TCI wykazała brak różnic między odtyem 1 i 2 alkoholizmu wg Cloningera. Wykazano istotne różnice omiędzy alkoholikami sklasyfikowanymi klinicznie jako I i II wg tyologii Lescha. Ty I wg Lescha wykazywał statystycznie istotnie wyższe wartości oszukiwania nowości (novelty seeking NS), a zwłaszcza odskali NS2 imulsywności i NS4 nieuorządkowania. Ojcowie robandów charakteryzowanych jako ty 1 wg Cloningera mieli statystycznie istotnie mniejsze wyniki wartości skal C kooeratywność, a zwłaszcza odskalą C5 zintegrowane sumienie w orównaniu do ojców alkoholików tyu 2 wg Cloningera. Ojcowie robandów tyu II wg Lescha wykazywali też znamiennie * Concise version of doctoral thesis aroved by the Council of Nursery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin with Cum Laude distinction. Promotor: Prof. Jan Horodnicki M.D., D.M. Sc. Habil. Original tyescrit comrises: 213 ages, 18 tables and 107 references. Suorted by the grant MZiSW no. NN * Zwięzła wersja rozrawy doktorskiej rzyjętej rzez Radę Wydziału Nauk o Zdrowiu Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie z wyróżnieniem Cum Laude. Promotor: rof. dr hab. n. med. Jan Horodnicki. Oryginalny tekst obejmuje 213 stron, 18 tabel, 107 ozycji iśmiennictwa. Wykonano w ramach grantu MZiSW no. NN

2 34 AGNIESZKA SAMOCHOWIEC większą imulsywność (wysokie wartości w odskali NS2). Matki robandów charakteryzowanych jako ty 1 alkoholizmu wg Cloningera wykazały znamienne niższe wartości odskali HA2 lęk rzed nieewnością. Wnioski: Na odstawie owyższych wyników można otwierdzić, że określony ty osobowości nieuzależnionego rodzica może rowadzić do klinicznego rzebiegu alkoholizmu definiowanego jako odtyy alkoholizmu Cloningera bądź Lescha, co ma imlikacje teraeutyczne. H a s ł a: tyologia alkoholizmu Cloningera Lescha Inwentarz Charakteru i Temeramentu (TCI). Summary Introduction: There have been so far no reorts in the literature that would discuss how arents ersonality characteristics can affect certain redisositions to alcohol deendence in the offsring and can trigger some secific mechanisms of alcohol deendence described in tyology develoed by Cloninger and Lesch. Material and methods: A total of 81 Polish, Caucasian families were investigated. Fathers mean age was 61.7 ± 10.8 and mothers were 59 ± 10 years of age. None of arents fulfilled the criteria of alcohol deendence. The alcohol deendent robands were male, with confirmed biological descent, mean age 35.2 ± 9.7 years. In all the articiants Temerament and Character Inventory (TCI) was erformed. Characterization of alcohol deendence and the course of withdrawal were obtained by SSAGA (Semi Structural Assessment of Genetics of Alcoholism). Secially designed questionnaires based on Cloninger and Lesch tyologies were used. The essential data about both arents were collected and AUDIT was erformed. Results: The analysis of ersonality rofiles evaluated by means of TCI confirmed no statistically significant relations between two grous of robands characterized as 1 and 2 subtyes of alcoholics according to Cloninger s tyology. A statistically significant difference was recorded between the scores for grous I and II classified according to Lesch s tyology in dimensions novelty seeking NS, NS2 imulsiveness and NS4 disorderliness. Fathers of robands characterized as tye 1 according to Cloninger had statistically lower scores in dimension C cooerativeness and C5 integrated conscience in comarison to tye 2 fathers. Fathers of tye II alcoholics according to Lesch s tyology had higher NS2 imulsivity. Mothers of tye 1 alcoholics according to Cloninger had statistically lower scores in dimension HA2 in comarison with tye 2 mothers. Conclusions: On the basis of the above resented findings it can be stated that there is ersonality rofile in non deendent arents of alcoholics and alcoholics defined according to Cloninger s or Lesch s tyologies what can be a redictor factor for theray. K e y w o r d s: Cloninger s Lesch s tyology of alcoholism Temerament and Character Inventory (TCI). Introduction Alcohol deendence is a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous syndrome caused by a comlex interaction of a genetic and environmental factors [1]. Jellinek ostulated that there are 3 core factors that redisose to alcoholism: constitution (nowadays understood as genetics), environment and ersonality [2]. Disinhibitory ersonality traits such as high novelty seeking (NS) are moderately heritable, and individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently exhibit such traits. Familial risk of alcoholism interacts with ersonality- associated risk, in which case the association between ersonality and familial risk might deend on samle comosition, accounting for the lack of consensus among studies to date [3]. A novel research model has been ut forward, as there have been so far no reorts in the available literature that would discuss how arents ersonality characteristics can affect certain redisositions to alcohol deendence in the offsring and can trigger some secific mechanisms of alcohol deendence described in tyology develoed by Cloninger and Lesch [4]. It was essential to determine temerament and character features that would redisose atients to develoing a certain kind of alcoholism according to either Cloninger or Lesch s tyology. The main hyothesis was there are differences of temerament and character traits in alcohol deendent atients and their arents, which can both trigger alcohol deendence and a secific further develoment of the disease. Detailed hyotheses were: 1. There are rofiles of temerament and character traits which can redisose alcohol deendent eole to develo a certain subtye of alcoholism according to Cloninger s tyology. 2. There are rofiles of temerament and character traits which can redisose alcohol deendent eole to develo a certain subtye of alcoholism according to Lesch s tyology. Material and methods The ethical rotocol has been acceted by the Ethical Commission of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szcz ecin (number BN 001/138/98). All the ersons who took art in the investigations have given their free and written informed consent. Their recruitment took lace in the sychiatric wards of the Deartment of Psychiatry of the PAM as well as in the detoxification outatients clinics of the North West Poland.

3 PARENTS PERSONALITY MEASURED ON COURSE OF ALCOHOLISM 35 A total of 90 families (i.e. trios: arents and a male offsring son with alcohol deendence) were recruited. The statistical analysis took into consideration the results obtained from 81 families. The remaining families have been left out due to not established aternity, not comlete data in the questionnaires. Alcohol deendent atients met the criteria of alcohol deendence defined by International Classification of Diseases 10 th Revision [5]. They remained sober for a minimum of 7 days and they were without withdrawal symtoms. The diagnosis was confirmed by a sychiatrist. The ersons who took art in the investigations constituted a homogeneous grou, they were all of Polish origin, Caucasians: the fathers were χ = 61.7 ± 10.8 and the mo thers were: χ = 59 ± 10 years of age. The alcohol deendent robands were male, with confirmed biological descent, χ = 35.2 ± 9.7 years of age. Detailed data concerning robands alcohol deendence and their genetic load were collected according to structured interview based on SSAGA (Semi Structural Assessment of Genetics of Alcoholism) [6], Polish version [7]. Patients were divided into 4 subgrous (Lesch s tyes) by comuterized allocation according to the decision tree [8] and 2 subgrous accordingly using secially designed questionnaire based on Cloninger s tyology [9, 10]. The essential data about both arents were gathered by means of a secially designed questionnaire and screening test, i.e. the so called AUDIT (The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) [11]. None of the arents fulfilled the criteria of alcohol deendence. In order to assess both temerament and character dimensions in the robands and their arents Cloninger s Temerament and Character Questionnaire was used [12]. The Temerament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a self reort instrument of yes/no answers assessing such ersonality dimensions as novelty seeking (40 items), harm avoidance (35 items), reward deendence (24 items), ersistence (8 items), self directedness (44 items), cooerativeness (42 items) and self transcendence (33 items). The validated Polish version of TCI was used [10, 13, 14, 15]. There were n = 56 Cloninger s tye 1 alcoholics and n = 25 tye 2. According to Lesch tyology of alcoholism there were n = 44 tye I and n = 26 tye II. However, we did not calculate the scores for Lesch tye III and tye IV alcoholics since the number of individuals was too small for any meaningful statistic examination (n = 6 Lesch tye III and n = 5 for Lesch tye IV). The data analysis was erformed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 9. For statistical comarison Test T was used (test for indeendent attemts). A two tailed significance level of 5% was chosen for a tye I error. The authors took into consideration the ossibility of alying the Bonferonni correction which would have required an estimated α value of However, the idea was abandoned since the significant values described as descritive measures gave hints as to where to search for further relationshis in larger samles, as we also wish to reort associations that were not based on a riori hyotheses. Results The analysis of ersonality rofiles evaluated by means of TCI confirmed no statistically significant relations between two grous of robands characterized as 1 and 2 subtyes of alcoholics according to Cloninger s tyology. T test erformed on these two grous has also excluded any statistical relation between them. Taking into account, while erforming statistical evaluation, Lesch s tyology of alcoholism and ersonality rofiles obtained owing to TCI it was found that there were statistical differences between results obtained in the main dimension of NS and in the sub dimensions: NS2 imulsiveness, NS4 disorderliness. Alcoholics of Lesch s tye I scored highest in NS, NS1 and NS4 sub dimensions. Fathers of alcoholics defined as Lesch s tye II scored significantly higher in NS2 subscale (5.1 ± 2.17 vs 3.94 ± 1.91). In the analysis of ersonality rofiles of robands fathers, characterized as alcoholics of subtyes 1 and 2 according to Cloninger and evaluated by means of TCI statistically significant differences were found in dimension C cooerativeness and in subdimension C5 integrated conscience. The fathers of robands characterized as tye 1 according to Cloninger had statistically lower scores in dimension C in comarison with the fathers of robands characterized as tye 2. In subdimension C5 the fathers of robands characterized as tye 1 according to Cloninger had statistically lower scores in comarison with the fathers of robands characterized as tye 2. In the ersonality rofiles analysis of mothers of robands characterized as tye 1 and 2 alcoholics according to Cloninger and evaluated by means of TCI statistically significant differences were found in the scores in subscale HA2 fear of uncertainty. The mothers of robands characterized as tye 1 alcoholics according to Cloninger had statistically lower scores in dimension HA2 in comarison with the mothers of robands characterized as tye 2 alcoholics. No significant changes were resent between mothers of alcoholics divided by means of Lesch s classification. Discussion Statistically significant difference was recorded between the scores for alcoholics I and II classified according to Lesch s tyology in dimensions NS novelty seeking, NS2 imulsiveness and NS4 disorderliness. Therefore, as exected, alcoholics from subtye I according to Lesch (i.e. the so called real alcoholics) had higher scores in NS, and esecially in NS2 and NS4. They are characterized

4 36 AGNIESZKA SAMOCHOWIEC L. T a b l e 1. The results of ersonality rofiles analysis conducted by means of Temerament and Character Inventory (TCI) of alcohol deendent atients characterised as subtyes of alcoholics according to Cloninger s and Lesch s tyology T a b e l a 1. Analiza cech osobowości mierzona Inwentarzem Temeramentu i Charakteru (TCI) mężczyzn uzależnionych od alkoholu ogruowanych na odtyy alkoholizmu Cloningera i Lescha Tyology TCI Tyologia TCI Cloninger Lesch 1 (n = 56) 2 (n = 25) I (n = 44) II (n = 26) χ ± SD χ ± SD χ ± SD x ± SD 1 NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS4 5.2 ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA2 4.2 ± ± ± ± HA3 4.5 ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD3 4.3 ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± P 3.83 ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD4 5.6 ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C2 4.2 ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C4 6.9 ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± NS novelty seeking / oszukiwanie nowości; NS1 exlorative excitability / ciekawość oznawcza; NS2 imulsiveness / imulsywność; NS3 extravagance / ekstrawagancja; NS4 disorderliness / nieuorządkowanie; HA harm avoidance / unikanie rzykrości; HA1 worry/essimism / esymizm; HA2 fear of uncertainty / lęk rzed nieewnością; HA3 shyness / nieśmiałość; HA4 fatigability / męczliwość; RD reward deendence / uzależnienie od nagrody; RD1 sentimentality / sentymentalność; RD3 attachment / rzywiązanie; RD4 deendence / zależność; P ersistence / wytrwałość; SD self directedness / samokierowanie; SD1 resonsibility / odowiedzialność; SD2 urosefulness / celowość ostęowania; SD3 resourcefulness / zaradność; SD4 self- accetance / samoakcetacja; SD5 congruent second nature / dobre nawyki; C cooerativeness / zdolność do wsółracy; C1 social accetance / tolerancja; C2 emathy / ematia; C3 helfulness / gotowość do niesienia omocy; C4 comassion / wyrozumiałość; C5 integrated conscience / zintegrowane sumienie; ST self transcendence / uduchowienie; ST1 self forgetfulness / kreatywna wyobraźnia; ST2 transersonal identification / identyfikacja z innymi osobami; ST3 siritual accetance / akcetacja duchowości with higher imulsiveness and disorderliness in comarison with alcoholics of subtye II (the so called anxious alcoholics). It was found in the resent study that robands with alcohol deendence classified as subtye I according to Lesch had high NS scores. These scores are usually a bad sign in long term rognosis in this grou of alcoholics. Interestingly we did not find any differences between alcoholics when using Cloninger tyology. In another Polish trial Hornowska [10] did not reort any secific traits that significantly differ tye 1 and tye 2 alcoholics due to Cloninger s tyology. Literature data are inconclusive: Bagby et al. [16] and Sher et al. [17] analyzing same data draw various conclusions. Nevertheless, they describe some

5 PARENTS PERSONALITY MEASURED ON COURSE OF ALCOHOLISM 37 T a b l e 2. The results of ersonality rofiles analysis conducted by means of Temerament and Character Inventory (TCI) on fathers of alcohol deendent atients characterised as subtyes of alcoholics according to Cloninger s and Lesch s tyologies T a b e l a 2. Analiza cech osobowości mierzona Inwentarzem Temeramentu i Charakteru (TCI) u ojców synów uzależnionych od alkoholu ogruowanych na odtyy alkoholizmu Cloningera i Lescha L. Tyology TCI Tyologia TCI Cloninger Lesch 1 (n = 56) 2 (n = 25) I (n = 44) II (n = 26) χ ± SD χ ± SD χ ± SD χ ± SD 1 NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS4 4.3 ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA3 3.8 ± ± ± ± HA4 4.2 ± ± ± ± RD 13.6 ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± P 4.19 ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD3 2.9 ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C2 3.8 ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C5 5.7 ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± NS novelty seeking / oszukiwanie nowości; NS1 exlorative excitability / ciekawość oznawcza; NS2 imulsiveness / imulsywność; NS3 extravagance / ekstrawagancja; NS4 disorderliness / nieuorządkowanie; HA harm avoidance / unikanie rzykrości; HA1 worry/essimism / esymizm; HA2 fear of uncertainty / lęk rzed nieewnością; HA3 shyness / nieśmiałość; HA4 fatigability / męczliwość; RD reward deendence / uzależnienie od nagrody; RD1 sentimentality / sentymentalność; RD3 attachment / rzywiązanie; RD4 deendence / zależność; P ersistence / wytrwałość; SD self directedness / samokierowanie; SD1 resonsibility / odowiedzialność; SD2 urosefulness / celowość ostęowania; SD3 resourcefulness / zaradność; SD4 self- accetance / samoakcetacja; SD5 congruent second nature / dobre nawyki; C cooerativeness / zdolność do wsółracy; C1 social accetance / tolerancja; C2 emathy / ematia; C3 helfulness / gotowość do niesienia omocy; C4 comassion / wyrozumiałość; C5 integrated conscience / zintegrowane sumienie; ST self transcendence / uduchowienie; ST1 self forgetfulness / kreatywna wyobraźnia; ST2 transersonal identification / identyfikacja z innymi osobami; ST3 siritual accetance / akcetacja duchowości associations between NS, HA and RD with tye 1 and 2 in Cloninger tyology. Further results of our study obtained from arents allowed us to draw more conclusions when using Cloninger s rather than Lesch s tyology. Lesch and his co workers distinguished 4 evolutionary tyes deending on ersonal sychoathology and course of disease, whereas Cloninger based his tyology on family history of alcoholism, gender, age of onset [8, 9, 18]. This may exlain the resence of some significant elements in arental ersonalities evaluated by means of TCI, divided according to Cloninger s tyology of alcoholism of their sons. Therefore, fathers of alcoholics defined as tye 1 according to Cloninger were, according to the obtained results, statistically more egocentric, selfish and uncooerative whereas fathers of alcoholics defined as tye 2 were more

6 38 AGNIESZKA SAMOCHOWIEC T a b l e 3. The results of ersonality rofiles analysis conducted by means of Temerament and Character Inventory (TCI) on mothers of alcohol deendent atients characterised as subtyes of alcoholics according to Cloninger s and Lesch s tyologies T a b e l a 3. Analiza cech osobowości mierzona Inwentarzem Temeramentu i Charakteru (TCI) u matek synów uzależnionych od alkoholu ogruowanych na odtyy alkoholizmu Cloningera i Lescha L. Tyology TCI Tyologia TCI Cloninger Lesch 1 (n = 56) 2 (n = 25) I ( n = 44) II (n = 26) χ ± SD χ ± SD χ ± SD χ ± SD 1 NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS ± ± ± ± NS4 4 ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± HA ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± RD ± ± ± ± P 4.47 ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD2 4.5 ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± SD ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± C ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± ST ± ± ± ± NS novelty seeking / oszukiwanie nowości; NS1 exlorative excitability / ciekawość oznawcza; NS2 imulsiveness / imulsywność; NS3 extravagance / ekstrawagancja; NS4 disorderliness / nieuorządkowanie; HA harm avoidance / unikanie rzykrości; HA1 worry/essimism / esymizm; HA2 fear of uncertainty / lęk rzed nieewnością; HA3 shyness / nieśmiałość; HA4 fatigability / męczliwość; RD reward deendence / uzależnienie od nagrody; RD1 sentimentality / sentymentalność; RD3 attachment / rzywiązanie; RD4 deendence / zależność; P ersistence / wytrwałość; SD self directedness / samokierowanie; SD1 resonsibility / odowiedzialność; SD2 urosefulness / celowość ostęowania; SD3 resourcefulness / zaradność; SD4 self- accetance / samoakcetacja; SD5 congruent second nature / dobre nawyki; C cooerativeness / zdolność do wsółracy; C1 social accetance / tolerancja; C2 emathy / ematia; C3 helfulness / gotowość do niesienia omocy; C4 comassion / wyrozumiałość; C5 integrated conscience / zintegrowane sumienie; ST self transcendence / uduchowienie; ST1 self forgetfulness / kreatywna wyobraźnia; ST2 transersonal identification / identyfikacja z innymi osobami; ST3 siritual accetance / akcetacja duchowości tolerant and understanding, which means that fathers ersonality traits can influence and trigger the aearance of neurotic or dissocial ersonality traits in their offsring. Mothers of alcoholics defined as tye 2 according to Cloninger were sure, careful, and less active than mothers of alcoholics defined as tye 1. The results oint out to the fact that mothers of atients with alcohol deendence defined as subtye 2 do not manage with their roles, do not set limits to their children which can contribute to the deve loment of dissocial ersonality traits rather than alcohol deendence. On the basis of the above discussed results, a ersonality icture seems to emerge: too tolerant father and an unsure mother as arents of subtye 2 alcoholics according to Cloninger and an egocentric and selfish father and a self confident mother who enjoys taking risks as arents of subtye 1 alcoholic according to Cloninger.

7 PARENTS PERSONALITY MEASURED ON COURSE OF ALCOHOLISM 39 However, while comaring fathers of tye I and tye II alcoholics according to Lesch, those defined as tye II scored higher in temerament subdimension NS2 imulsiveness. These results show that fathers of tye II alcoholics according to Lesch are imulsive, quickly make decisions. They are distracted and lack the ability to concentrate. Tye II Lesch alcoholics use alcohol as self medication because of its anxiolytic effect [8]. The question of how much these articular temerament traits can contribute to the develoment of neurotic ersonality which can stimulate develoing alcohol deendence remains an oen question and should be further investigated on a larger and indeendent grou of arents and their families [19, 20]. Similarly, while studying associations between various ersonality traits measured by means of TCI there were no statistically significant differences between grous of mothers of robands defined as alcoholics of certain tyes according to Lesch. Personality traits of mothers do not influence the develoment of a secial tye of alcoholism according to Lesch s tyology in their offsring. Conclusions On the basis of the results obtained in the conducted studies and the analyses of the collected data the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. Lesch s tye I atients resent significantly higher novelty seeking, whereas there are no differences between alcoholics tye 1 and 2 according to Cloninger s tyology. 2. There are some associations between ersonality traits, i.e. secific dimensions of temerament and character of alcohol deendent roband and their arents. However, they allow only to a small extend to redict further develoment of alcohol deendence. 3. Certain temerament and character traits of arents cooerativeness and its subdimension C5 integrated conscience in fathers and HA2 fear of uncertainty in mothers may redestine to the develoment of a certain subtye of alcoholism according to Cloninger s tyology in alcohol deendent offsring. 4. Higher NS2 imulsiveness in fathers of alcoholics may redestine to the develoment of a tye II alcoholism according to Lesch s tyology. The limitation of the resent study is its relatively small samle but in an ethnically homogenous oulation. We are aware that further studies are necessary on both arents and alcoholics classified as tye III and tye IV according to Lesch s tyology, which in this study did not undergo statistical analysis because of low numbers of robands. Also a relication study is needed. 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