THE EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING OF BROAD BEAN ( VICIA FABA

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1 Brr BINIAŚ, Jnin GOSPODAREK, Milen RUSIN University of Agriculture in Krkow, Deprtment of Agriculturl Environment Protection Al. Mickiewicz 21, Krków, Polnd e-mil: THE EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING OF BROAD BEAN (VICIA FABA L.) WITH SWEET ALYSSUM (LOBULARIA MARITIMA L.) AND WHITE MUSTARD (SYNAPIS ALBA L.) ON THE ENERGY AND THE ABILITY OF SEED GERMINATION Summry The im of this study ws to determine the impct of the ccompnying plnts: sweet lyssum (Loulri mritim) nd white mustrd (Synpis l L.) on the energy nd the ility of germintion of rod en (Vici f L.) seeds vriety Brtek. In the experiment, the nlyzed rod en seeds were otined from field experiment, in which it hd een grown long with two other plnts in vrying spcing (the distnces etween rows were 50, 65 nd 80 cm) nd in homogeneous cultivtion (the distnces etween rows were 50 cm). Brod en in homogeneous cultivtion served s control. In ddition, the rod en seeds from homogeneous cultivtion sujected to stndrd protection y chemicl insecticides were lso nlyzed. The mesurement of the energy nd ility of rod en seeds germintion ws crried out in the lortory conditions, in ccordnce with generlly ccepted stndrds. The morphologicl prmeters of seedlings were lso evluted (the length of the root nd the ove ground prts nd the numer of the lterl roots longer thn 2 mm). There ws no significnt influence of the neighourhood of sweet lyssum (Loulri mritim L.) nd white mustrd (Synpis l L.) on the germintion energy nd ility of rod en seeds. The neighourhood of sweet lyssum did not significntly ffect the length of the primry root nd the ove-ground prt of the rod en seedlings nd the numer of the lterl roots. However the neighourhood of the white mustrd contriuted to the increse of the length of ove-ground prt of seedlings, ut only in the highest pplied spcing of rows. Keywords: intercropping, rod en (Vici f L.), sweet lyssum (Loulri mritim), white mustrd (Synpis l L.), energy nd ility of seed germintion WPŁYW UPRAWY WSPÓŁRZĘDNEJ BOBU (VICIA FABA L.) ZE SMAGLICZKĄ NADMORSKĄ (LOBULARIA MARITIMA L.) ORAZ GORCZYCĄ BIAŁĄ (SYNAPIS ALBA L.), NA ENERGIĘ I ZDOLNOŚĆ KIEŁKOWANIA NASION Streszczenie Celem dń yło określenie wpływu rośliny towrzyszącej: smgliczki ndmorskiej (Loulri mritim L.) orz gorczycy iłej (Synpis l L.), n energię i zdolność kiełkowni nsion ou (Vici f L.) odminy Brtek. W doświdczeniu nlizowno nsion ou pochodzące z doświdczeni polowego, w którym ył on uprwiny współrzędnie z dwom w/w roślinmi w zróżnicownej rozstwie (odległość między rzędmi: 50, 65 i 80 cm) orz smodzielnie (odległość między rzędmi 50 cm). Bó w uprwie jednorodnej stnowił kontrolę. Dodtkowo nlizowno tkże nsion ou pochodzące z uprwy jednorodnej i poddnej stndrdowej ochronie z użyciem insektycydów chemicznych. Ocenę energii i zdolności kiełkowni nsion ou przeprowdzono w wrunkch lortoryjnych, zgodnie z ogólnie przyjętymi normmi. Ocenie poddno również prmetry morfologiczne siewek (długość korzeni głównego i części ndziemnej orz liczę korzeni ocznych dłuższych niż 2 mm). Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu towrzystw smgliczki ndmorskiej (Loulri mritim L.) orz gorczycy iłej (Synpis l L.) n energię i zdolność kiełkowni nsion ou. Sąsiedztwo smgliczki ndmorskiej nie wpłynęło w sposó istotny n długość korzeni głównego i części ndziemnej siewek ou orz n liczę korzeni ocznych. Z kolei towrzystwo gorczycy iłej, le tylko przy njwiększej zstosownej rozstwie, przyczyniło się do zwiększeni długości części ndziemnej siewek. Słow kluczowe: uprw współrzędn, Vici f L, Loulri mritim L., Synpis l L., energi i zdolność kiełkowni nsion 1. Introduction The intercropping system is one of the oldest nd simplest method of protecting plnts from pests, diseses or weeds [1]. Adequtely crried out cropping enles the nturl protection of plnts, without the use of rtificil mens to protect them. The sis for the proper development of plnts in the growing intercrop system is ssocited with proper selection of plnts [2, 3]. Their role is, mong others, the preservtion of iologicl lnce in the form of nturl control of the pests of plnts [4], the protection ginst the expnsion of diseses, excessive weeds, s well s the deteriortion of the soil structure due to the erosion or used monoculture [5, 6]. The solicitude to otin the est qulity seeds is one of the elements of proper crop [7]. Brod en is n exmple of legume whose consumption increses in recent yers. The high protein content, which is n lterntive to the niml protein, vitmins nd folic cid [8] re the min resons for which the cultivtion of this plnt should e incresed. Sweet lyssum (Loulri mritim L.) nd white mustrd (Synpis l L.) re the exmples of plnts whose neighourhood in cultivtion rings tngile enefits. The presence of the melliferous plnts, which sweet lyssum is n exmple of, llows to minimize the extent of tking over the min crops y pests [9]. These plnts re cple of lur- Brr BINIAŚ, Jnin GOSPODAREK, Milen RUSIN Journl of Reserch nd Applictions in Agriculturl Engineering 2015, Vol. 60(3) 11

2 ing the nturl predtors of pests for which the ttrctnt is plnt pollen. The cultivtion of white mustrd helps to reduce the mount of weeds, inhiits the expnsion of fungl diseses nd protects from pests of plnts [10 13]. The introduction of different spcing etween the rows in the field hs n impct not only on the yield of the min crops. The "visiility" of the compnion plnts for potentil predtors of pests, ttrcted y the visul or olfctory stimuli is n importnt spect [14]. The introduction of the ove mentioned method of the plnts protection is sed on the control of pests nd diseses on the crop field lredy during the growth of the plnt. During this period, the seeds re lso mostly exposed to injury or infection. Dmged, disesed or wekened seed mteril shows less energy nd lower ility of germintion, which t lter stge of plnt growth my reduce yield. The im of the experiment ws to investigte the effect of ccompnying plnts: sweet lyssum nd white mustrd on the energy nd the ility of germintion of rod en (Vici f L.) seeds. 2. Mterils nd methods The experiment ws crried out in lortory conditions. In the study rod en seeds, vriety Brtek, were used, which were otined from field experiment conducted t the Experimentl Sttion of the Agriculturl University in Prusy, ner Krkow. The rod en ws grown long with sweet lyssum nd white mustrd, with the use of the vrying row spcing. The shortest distnce etween rows ws 50 cm, the next one - 65 cm nd the lrgest - 80 cm. The homogeneous cultivtion of rod en, in row spcing of 50 cm, served s control. The seeds originting from the homogeneous cultivtion sujected to stndrd control, with the use of two chemicl insecticides (Decis 2.5 EC nd Fstc 100 EC) were lso nlyzed. Ech of the insecticides ws used twice. At the time of the ppernce of lck en phids nd gin, y the end of flowering first inflorescences. Decis 2.5 EC formultion t dose of 0.25 l / h ws used ginst Bruchus rufimnus Boh. In controlling Siton linetus L. Fstc 100 EC t dose of 0.09 l / h ws used. The procedure with the use of this preprtion ws crried out fter the first visile dmge cused y pests, nd then repeted fter 7 dys. The test ws conducted in Petri dishes. A filter pper ws used s sustrte. A helthy nd undmged rod en seeds were picked. The germintion energy ws determined fter six dys, wheres the germintion ility fter two weeks. During the second oservtion the length of the ove-ground prt of ech of the seedling root length nd the numer of lterl roots of length greter thn 2 mm ws lso mesured. The sttisticl nlysis of the results ws performed y using Sttistic 10.0.PL. The significnce of differences etween mens ws tested y the one - wy nlysis of vrince nd the mens were differentited using Fisher LSD test t the significnce level α = Results The vicinity of oth plnts, sweet lyssum (Lulri mritim L.) nd white mustrd (Synpis l L.), regrdless of the spcing, s well s the pplied chemicl protection, showed no significnt effect on the energy of the seed germintion of rod en (fig. 1). The most helthy nd properly germinted seeds were recorded in ojects: control, chemiclly protected nd where the rod en grew in the vicinity of white mustrd t spcing of 65 cm. Fig. 1. The energy of germintion of rod en seeds, otined from field experiment, sed on intercropping, with sweet lyssum (A) nd white mustrd (M) used s neighouring plnts, in row spcing of 50 cm, 65 cm nd 80 cm nd sujected to chemicl protection (CH) in the comprison to the control (C). The sttisticl nlysis showed no significnt differences etween the ojects In ll sites high germintion of seeds ws reported, from 85% in the fcility with sweet lyssum in the spn of 80 cm, up to 100% in ojects with homogeneous rod en crop (with nd without chemicl protection) nd in the oject with white mustrd, with spcing of 50 cm (fig. 2). The differences etween ojects, however, were not sttisticlly significnt. The most of the ded seeds were recorded in ojects where seeds cme from plots where sweet lyssum nd white mustrd were the neighouring plnts nd rod en ws grown in the highest row spcing (80 cm). Fig. 2. The ility of germintion of rod en seeds otined from plnts grown in the vicinity of sweet lyssum nd white mustrd. Symols s in fig. 1. The sttisticl nlysis showed no significnt differences etween ojects. The mesurements of the length of the primry root of rod en showed tht the vicinity of white mustrd used in the lrgest of the row spcing hd the most eneficil effect (fig. 3). A similr effect hs een demonstrted for chemiclly protected oject nd the oject with vicinity of white mustrd, in the smllest of the pplied row spcing. Significntly shorter roots were developed y seedlings otined from ojects, where rod ens were grown long with sweet lyssum, with spcing etween rows 50 nd 80 cm. However, none of the ojects differed significntly in comprison with the control oject. Brr BINIAŚ, Jnin GOSPODAREK, Milen RUSIN Journl of Reserch nd Applictions in Agriculturl Engineering 2015, Vol. 60(3) 12

3 Fig. 3. The verge length of roots nd oveground prts of germinting seeds otined from plnts grown in the vicinity of sweet lyssum nd white mustrd. Symols s in fig. 1. Vlues mrked with different letters differ significntly t α = 0.05 Fig. 4. The verge numer of lterl roots of germinting seeds otined from plnts grown in the vicinity of sweet lyssum nd white mustrd. Symols s in fig. 1. Vlues mrked with different letters differ significntly t α = 0.05 The result of the morphologicl mesurements showed tht the longest ove-ground prts developed seedlings from seeds otined from intercrop cultivtion, wheres the neighouring plnt white mustrd ws used nd rod en ws grown in the lrgest spcing (Fig. 3). The difference in this cse ws significnt, oth in reltion to the control nd in reltion to the oject chemiclly protected nd lso to ojects where the rod en ws ccompnied y sweet lyssum. The most numerous of the lterl roots were developed y the rod en seedlings from seeds which cme from coordinte cultivtion with white mustrd in minimum nd mximum spcing nd from chemiclly protected oject. Significntly less rnched were the roots of control seedlings nd those from seeds, where rod en ws grown long with sweet lyssum in minimum nd mximum spcing used (fig. 4). In reltion to the control plnt, however, no sttisticlly significnt differences were proven. 4. Discussion The energy nd germintion ility of seeds is directly ffected y their qulity [15, 16]. The mechnicl dmge of seeds or their wekening cused y the ctivity of pests nd diseses, lso hve negtive impct on their development [17, 18]. Bruchus rufimnus Boh is one of the most serious pests of rod en seeds. The insects feeding on rod en seeds is the min cuse of reduced energy nd ility of plnts germintion [19]. Control of Bruchus rufimnus y non-chemicl methods is difficult nd does not lwys ring the expected results. The use of non-chemicl preprtions (Polyversum HR, Bioczos BR nd Biosept 33 SL) tests y Gospodrek et l. [20] did not reduce significntly the numer of seeds dmged y Bruchus rufimnus. The ojects in which Polyversum HR nd Vitvx 200 FS preprtions were used, re chrcterized y the increse in seed germintion energy. None of the used methods for the protection of rod en did significntly influence the development of the morphologicl chrcteristics of seedlings nd their ility to germinte. There is little dt on the impct of mixed crops on the extent of seed dmge y this pest. Growing nked ot mixed with f en hd restrictive influence on feeding of oth, Bruchus rufimnus Boh. nd lck en phid [21]. Reserch y Szpunr - Krok et l. [22] on yield of nked ots in the monoculture or in mixture, however, do not confirm these results. The shre of f en seeds dmged y Bruchus rufimnus Boh. in mixture with nked ot did not differ significntly from homogeneous crops. In the ville literture, there is lck of informtion out the impct of the vicinity of white mustrd on these Brr BINIAŚ, Jnin GOSPODAREK, Milen RUSIN Journl of Reserch nd Applictions in Agriculturl Engineering 2015, Vol. 60(3) 13

4 pests. Previous oservtions showed the restrictive effect of this plnt on the presence of the eet cyst nemtode (Heterode schchtii Schmidt). Furthermore, the production of llelochemicls y the roots of white mustrd cuses the reduction of the weeds undnce [23]. Blck en phid (Aphis fe Scop.) is nother insect hving negtive impct on oth, the qulity of seeds nd the crop development. One of the non-chemicl methods of controlling this pest is to enrich the coloniztion of plnts with its nturl predtors. The production of pollen nd nectr y flowers of sweet lyssum, hs positive effect on the survivl nd undnce of prsitic Hymenopter [9]. The ppernce of these insects nturlly regultes plnts coloniztion y phids. The pproprite plcement of the plnt, through the selection of the pproprite row spcing, is used in the intercrop cultivtion in the control of currntlettuce phid (Nsonovi riisnigri Mosley) [24]. Sweet lyssum is lso used to control the pe phid (Myzus persice Sulzer) [25]. In our studies the cultivtion of rod en with white mustrd in the lrgest spcing ws the most fvorle for the development of the ove-ground prts of rod en seedlings. In ddition, stimulting effect on root rnching of rod en seedlings ws recorded in two ojects, with the neighorhood of white mustrd. The phytosnitry impct of white mustrd, hs the effect of protecting the vegettive nd genertive prts. The positive impct on the rod en root rnching in the initil stge of their development might e the result of otined resistnce of rod en to disese, through the phytosnitry impct of white mustrd. Schröder nd Köpke [26] undertook reserch on the effects of sfflower (Crthmus tinctorius L.) nd white mustrd (Synpis l L.) on growth of f en (Vici f L.) roots nd nitrogen ssimiltion y the plnt. The introduction of the cultivtion of white mustrd with f en, significntly incresed the density of roots y the optimum using of soil spce. However, decreses of the yield of rod en, s well s the mount of ville nitrogen in the soil, resulting from lower seeding density in cultivtion with white mustrd, compred to the homogeneous crop ws visile. The significnce of the selection of the proper plnt spcing on yield nd profitility of crop production is mentioned in severl studies [27-29]. However, the reserch on the effects of different row spcing in the cultivtion on the ility nd energy of seed germintion is low. In the study of the effects of the method, time of sowing nd row spcing on energy nd seeds germintion of perennil ryegrss, the gretest eneficil effect hs een demonstrted in the widest row spcing (48 cm), from severl different sowing distnces (12-, 24-, 36- nd 48-centimeters). This effect ws stted only in the cse of the germintion energy nd it ws shown only in the third yer of the experiment [30]. The mechnisms of influence of the white mustrd nd the sweet lyssum re different. Despite this, oth of them could help us to protect the rod en plnts [31]. 5. Conclusions 1. There ws no significnt influence of the neighourhood of sweet lyssum (Loulri mritim L.) nd white mustrd (Synpis l L.) on energy nd germintion ility of rod en seeds. 2. The neighourhood of sweet lyssum did not ffect significntly the length of the primry root nd oveground prt of rod en seedlings nd the numer of lterl roots. 3. Assocition of white mustrd, ut only t the highest pplied spcing, contriuted to increse the length of the ove-ground prt of rod en seedlings. 6. References [1] Khn Z. R., Ampong - Nyrko K., Chilisw P., Hssnli A., Kimni S., Lwnde W., Overholt W. A., Overholt W. A., Pickett J. A., Smrt L. E., Woodcock C. M.: Intercropping increses prsitism of pests. Scientific Correspondence, 1997, Vol. 388, [2] Ofori F., Stern W. R.: Cerel-legume intercropping systems. 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